CLOGHER

clogher, a market village of co. tyrone, ireland, in the south parliamentary division, on the clogher valley light railway. pop. (1901) 225. it gives name to dioceses of the church of ireland and the roman catholic church, but the seat of the roman catholic bishop is at monaghan, with the cathedral. the protestant cathedral, dedicated to st macartin, dates from the 18th and early 19th century, but st macartin (c. 500) was a disciple of st patrick, and it is said that st patrick himself founded a bishopric here. the name is derived from the irish _cloch_, a pillar stone, such as were worshipped and regarded as oracles in many parts of pagan ireland; the stone was preserved as late as the 15th century in the cathedral, and identity is even now claimed for a stone which lies near the church. cloister (lat. _claustrum_; fr. _cloitre_; ital. _chiostro_; span. _claustro_; ger. _kloster_). the word "cloister," though now restricted to the four-sided enclosure, surrounded with covered ambulatories, usually attached to coventual and cathedral churches, and sometimes to colleges, or by a still further limitation to the ambulatories themselves, originally signified the entire monastery. in this sense it is of frequent occurrence in earlier english literature (e.g. shakespeare, _meas. for meas._ i. 3, "this day my sister should the _cloister_ enter"), and is still employed in poetry. the latin _claustrum_, as its derivation implies, primarily denoted no more than the enclosing wall of a religious house, and then came to be used for the whole building enclosed within the wall. to this sense the german "kloster" is still limited, the covered walks, or cloister in the modern sense, being called "klostergang," or "kreuzgang." in french the word _cloitre_ retains the double sense. in the special sense now most common, the word "cloister" denotes the quadrilateral area in a monastery or college of canons, round which the principal buildings are ranged, and which is usually provided with a covered way or ambulatory running all round, and affording a means of communication between the various centres of the ecclesiastical life, without exposure to the weather. according to the benedictine arrangement, which from its suitability to the requirements of monastic life was generally adopted in the west, one side of the cloister was formed by the church, the refectory occupying the side opposite to it, that the worshippers might have the least annoyance from the noise or smell of the repasts. on the eastern side the chapter-house was placed, with other apartments belonging to the common life of the brethren adjacent to it, and, as a common rule, the dormitory occupied the whole of the upper story. on the opposite or western side were generally the cellarer's lodgings, with the cellars and store-houses, in which the provisions necessary for the sustenance of the confraternity were housed. in cistercian monasteries the western side was usually occupied by the "domus conversorum," or lodgings of the lay-brethren, with their day-rooms and workshops below, and dormitory above. the cloister, with its surrounding buildings, generally stood on the south side of the church, to secure as much sunshine as possible. a very early example of this disposition is seen in the plan of the monastery of st gall (see