CIBRARIO

cibrario, luigi, count (1802-1870), italian statesman and historian, descended from a noble but impoverished piedmontese family, was born in usseglia on the 23rd of february 1802. he won a scholarship at the age of sixteen, and was teaching literature at eighteen. his verses to king charles albert, then prince of carignano, on the birth of his son victor emmanuel, attracted the prince's attention and proved the beginning of a long intimacy. he entered the sardinian civil service, and in 1824 was appointed lecturer on canon and civil law. his chief interest was the study of ancient documents, and he was sent to search the archives of switzerland, france and germany for charters relating to the history of savoy. during the war of 1848, after the expulsion of the austrians from venice, cibrario was sent to that city with colli to negotiate its union with piedmont. but the proposal fell through when the news of the armistice between king charles albert and austria arrived, and the two delegates were made the objects of a hostile demonstration. in october 1848 cibrario was made senator, and after the battle of novara (march 1849), when charles albert abdicated and retired to a monastery near oporto, cibrario and count giacinto di collegno were sent as representatives of the senate to express the sympathy of that body with the fallen king. he reached oporto on the 28th of may, and after staying there for a month returned to turin, which he reached just before the news of charles albert's death. in may 1852 he became minister of finance in the reconstructed d'azeglio cabinet, and later minister of education in that of cavour. in the same year he was appointed secretary to the order of ss. maurizio and lazzaro. it was he who in 1853 dictated the vigorous memorandum of protest against the confiscation by austria of the property of lombard exiles who had been naturalized in piedmont. he strongly supported cavour's crimean policy (1855), and when general la marmora departed in command of the expeditionary force and cavour took the war office, cibrario was made minister for foreign affairs. he conducted the business of the department with great skill, and ably seconded cavour in bringing about the admission of piedmont to the congress of paris on an equal footing with the great powers. on retiring from the foreign office cibrario was created count. in 1860 he acted as mediator between victor emmanuel's government and the republic of san marino, and arranged a treaty by which the latter's liberties were guaranteed. after the war of 1866 by which austria lost venetia, cibrario negotiated with that government for the restitution of state papers and art treasures removed by it from lombardy and venetia to vienna. he died in october 1870, near salo, on the lake of garda. his most important work was his _economia politica del medio evo_ (turin, 1839), which enjoyed great popularity at the time, but is now of little value. his _schiavitu e servaggio_ (milan, 1868-1869) gave an account of the development and abolition of slavery and serfdom. among his historical writings the following deserve mention:--_delle artiglierie dal 1300 al 1700_ (turin, 1847); _origini ... della monarchia di savoia_ (turin, 1854); _degli ordini cavallereschi_ (turin, 1846); _degli ordini religiosi_ (turin, 1845); and the _memorie segrete_ of charles albert, written by order of victor emmanuel but afterwards withdrawn. cibrario was a good example of the loyal, industrious, honest piedmontese aristocrat of the old school. his biography has been written by f. odorici, _il conte l. cibrario_ (florence, 1872). (l. v.*) cicada (_cicadidae_), insects of the homopterous division of the hemiptera, generally of large size, with the femora of the anterior legs toothed below, two pairs of large clear wings, and prominent compound eyes. cicadas are chiefly remarkable for the shrill song of the males, which in some cases may be heard in concert at a distance of a quarter of a mile or more. the vocal organs, of which there is a pair in the thorax, protected by an opercular plate, are quite unlike the sounding organs of other insects. each consists in essence of a tightly stretched membrane or drum which is thrown into a state of rapid vibration by a powerful muscle attached to its inner surface and passing thence downwards to the floor of the thoracic cavity. although no auditory organs have been found in the females, the song of the males is believed to serve as a sexual call. cicadas are also noteworthy for their longevity, which so far as is known surpasses that of all other insects. by means of a saw-like ovipositor the female lays her eggs in the branches of trees. upon hatching, the young, which differ from the adult in possessing long antennae and a pair of powerful fossorial anterior legs, fall to the ground, burrow below the surface, and spend a prolonged subterranean larval existence feeding upon the roots of vegetation. after many years the larva is transformed into the pupa or nymph, which is distinguishable principally by the shortness of its antennae and the presence of wing pads. after a brief existence the pupa emerges from the ground, and, holding on to a plant stem by means of its powerful front legs, sets free the perfect insect through a slit along the median dorsal line of the thorax. in some cases the pupa upon emerging constructs a chimney of soil, the use of which is not known. in one of the best-known species, _cicada septemdecim_, from north america, the lifecycle is said to extend over seventeen years. cicadas are particularly abundant in the tropics, where the largest forms are found. they also occur in temperate countries, and were well known to the ancient greeks and romans. one species only is found in england, where it is restricted to the southern counties but is an insect not commonly met with.