CHILD

child, sir josiah (1630-1699), english merchant, economist and governor of the east india company, was born in london in 1630, the second son of richard child, a london merchant of old family. after serving his apprenticeship in the business, to which he succeeded, he started on his own account at portsmouth, as victualler to the navy under the commonwealth, when about twenty-five. he amassed a comfortable fortune, and became a considerable stock-holder in the east india company, his interest in india being accentuated by the fact that his brother john (q.v.) was making his career there. he was returned to parliament in 1659 for petersfield; and in later years sat for dartmouth (1673-1678) and for ludlow (1685-1687). he was made a baronet in 1678. his advocacy, both by speech and by pen, under the pseudonym of philopatris, of the east india company's claims to political power, as well as to the right of restricting competition with its trade, brought him to the notice of the shareholders, and he became a director in 1677, and, subsequently, deputy-governor and governor. in this latter capacity he was for a considerable time virtually the sole ruler of the company, and directed its policy as if it were his own private business. he and his brother have been credited with the change from unarmed to armed traffic; but the actual renunciation of the roe doctrine of unarmed traffic by the company was resolved upon in january 1686, under governor sir joseph ash, when child was temporarily out of office. he died on the 22nd of june 1699. child made several important contributions to the literature of economics; especially _brief observations concerning trade and the interest of money_ (1668), and _a new discourse of trade_ (1668 and 1690). he was a moderate in those days of the "mercantile system," and has sometimes been regarded as a sort of pioneer in the development of the free-trade doctrines of the 18th century. he made various proposals for improving british trade by following dutch example, and advocated a low rate of interest as the "_causa causans_ of all the other causes of the riches of the dutch people." this low rate of interest he thought should be created and maintained by public authority. child, whilst adhering to the doctrine of the balance of trade, observed that a people cannot always sell to foreigners without ever buying from them, and denied that the export of the precious metals was necessarily detrimental. he had the mercantilist partiality for a numerous population, and became prominent with a new scheme for the relief and employment of the poor; it is noteworthy also that he advocated the reservation by the mother country of the sole right of trade with her colonies. sir josiah child's eldest son, richard, was created viscount castlemain in 1718 and earl of tylney in 1731. see also macaulay, _history of england_, vol. iv.; r. grant, _sketch of the history of the east india company_ (1813); d. macpherson, _annals of commerce_ (1805); b. willson, _ledger and sword_ (1903). (t. a. i.)