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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:chesterton:c075c2264b9c",
    "title": "CHESTERTON",
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    "verified_text": "chesterton, an urban district in the chesterton parliamentary division of cambridgeshire, england, 11⁄2 m. n. from cambridge station, on the north bank of the cam. pop. (1901) 9591. the church of st andrew is decorated and perpendicular, retaining ancient woodwork and remains of fresco painting. along the river are several boat-houses erected by the cambridge university boat club. boat-building and tile manufacture are local industries. chestnut (_nux castanea_), the common name given to two sorts of trees and their fruit, (1) the so-called \"horse-chestnut,\" and (2) the sweet or \"spanish\" chestnut. (1) the common horse-chestnut, _aesculus hippocastanum_ (ger. _rosskastanie_; fr. _marronnier d'inde_), has been stated to be a native of tibet, and to have been brought thence to england in 1550; it is now, however, thought to be indigenous in the mountains of northern greece, where it occurs wild at 3000 to 4000 ft. above sea-level. matthiolus, who attributes the origin of the name of the tree to the use of the nuts by the inhabitants of constantinople for the relief of short-windedness and cough in horses, remarks that no ancient writer appears to have made mention of the horse-chestnut. clusius (_rariorum plantarum hist._ i. p. 8, 1601) describes it as a vegetable curiosity, of which in 1588 he had left in vienna a living specimen, but of which he had not yet seen either the flowers or recent fruit. the dry fruit, he says, had frequently been brought from constantinople into europe. the tree grows rapidly; it flourishes best in a sandy, somewhat moist loam, and attains a height of 50 to 60 or more ft., assuming a pyramidal outline. its boughs are strong and spreading. the buds, conspicuous for their size, are protected by a coat of a glutinous substance, which is impervious to water; in spring this melts, and the bud-scales are then cast off. the leaves are composed of seven radiating leaflets (long-wedge-shaped); when young they are downy and drooping. from the early date of its leafing year by year, a horse-chestnut in the tuileries is known as the \"marronnier du 20 mars.\" the flowers of the horse-chestnut, which are white dashed with red and yellow, appear in may, and sometimes, but quite exceptionally, again in autumn; they form a handsome erect panicle, but comparatively few of them afford mature fruit. the fruit is ripe in or shortly before the first week in october, when it falls to the ground, and the three-valved thorny capsule divides, disclosing the brown and at first beautifully glossy seeds, the so-called nuts, having a resemblance to sweet chestnuts, and commonly three or else two in number. for propagation of the tree, the seeds may be sown either when fresh, or, if preserved in sand or earth, in spring. drying by exposure to the air for a month has been found to prevent their germination. rooks are wont to remove the nuts from the tree just before they fall, and to disperse them in various directions. the tree is rarely planted in mixed plantations where profit is an object; it interferes with its neighbours and occupies too much room. it is generally introduced near mansion-houses for ornament and shade, and the celebrated avenues at richmond and bushey park in england are objects of great beauty at the time of flowering. the bark of the horse-chestnut contains a greenish oil, resin, a yellow body, a tannin, c26h24o12, existing likewise in the seeds and various parts of the tree, and decomposable into _phloroglucin_ and _aesciglyoxalic acid_, c7h5o3, also _aesculetin hydrate_, and the crystalline fluorescent compound _aesculin_, of the formula c21h24o13 (rochleder and schwarz), with which occurs a similar substance _fraxin_, the _paviin_ of sir g.g. stokes (_q.j. chem. soc._ xi. 17, 1859; xii. 126, 1860), who suggests that its presence may perhaps account for the discrepancies in the analyses of aesculin given by different authors. from the seeds have been obtained starch (about 14%), gum, mucilage, a non-drying oil, phosphoric acid, salts of calcium, _saponin_, by boiling which with dilute hydrochloric or sulphuric acid _aesculic acid_ is obtained, _quercitrin_, present also in the fully developed leaves, _aescigenin_, c12h26o2, and _aesculetin_, c9h6o4, which is procurable also, but in small quantity only, from the bark. friedrich rochleder has described as constituent principles of the cotyledons _aphrodaescin_,",
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