CHEMNITZ

chemnitz, a town of germany, in the kingdom of saxony, the capital of a governmental district, 50 m. w.s.w. of dresden and 51 s.e. of leipzig by rail. pop. (1885) 110,817; (1895) 161,017; (1905) 244,405. it lies 950 ft. above the sea, in a fertile plain at the foot of the erzgebirge, watered by the river chemnitz, an affluent of the mulde. it is the chief manufacturing town in the kingdom, ranks next to dresden and leipzig in point of population, and is one of the principal commercial and industrial centres of germany. it is well provided with railway communication, being directly connected with berlin and with the populous and thriving towns of the erzgebirge and voigtland. chemnitz is in general well built, the enormous development of its industry and commerce having of late years led to the laying out of many fine streets and to the embellishing of the town with handsome buildings. the centre is occupied by the market square, with the handsome medieval rathaus, now superseded for municipal business by a modern building in the post-strasse. in this square are monuments to the emperor william i., bismarck and moltke. the old inner town is surrounded by pleasant promenades, occupying the site of the old fortifications, and it is beyond these that industrial chemnitz lies, girdling the old town on all sides with a thick belt of streets and factories, and ramifying far into the country. chemnitz has eleven protestant churches, among them the ancient gothic church of st james, with a fine porch, and the modern churches of st peter, st nicholas and st mark. there are also a synagogue and chapels of various sects. the industry of chemnitz has gained for the town the name of "saxon manchester." first in importance are its locomotive and engineering works, which give employment to some 20,000 hands in 90 factories. next come its cotton-spinning, hosiery, textile and glove manufactures, in which a large trade is done with great britain and the united states. it is also the seat of considerable dyeworks, bleachworks, chemical and woollen factories, and produces leather and straps, cement, small vehicles, wire-woven goods, carpets, beer and bricks. the town is well provided with technical schools for training in the various industries, including commercial, public, economic and agricultural schools, and has a chamber of commerce. there are also industrial and historical museums, and collections of painting and natural history. the local communications are maintained by an excellent electric tramway system. to the northwest of the town is the gothic church of a former benedictine monastery, dating from 1514-1525, with a tower of 1897. chemnitz is a favourite tourist centre for excursions into the erzgebirge, the chain of mountains separating saxony from bohemia. chemnitz (_kaminizi_) was originally a settlement of the serbian wends and became a market town in 1143. its municipal constitution dates from the 14th century, and it soon became the most important industrial centre in the mark of meissen. a monopoly of bleaching was granted to the town, and thus a considerable trade in woollen and linen yarns was attracted to chemnitz; paper was made here, and in the 16th century the manufacture of cloth was very flourishing. in 1539 the reformation was introduced, and in 1546 the benedictine monastery, founded about 1136 by the emperor lothair ii. about 2 m. north of the town, was dissolved. during the thirty years' war chemnitz was plundered by all parties and its trade was completely ruined, but at the beginning of the 18th century it had begun to recover. further progress in this direction was made during the 19th century, especially after 1834 when saxony joined the german zollverein. see zollner, _geschichte der fabrik- und handelsstadt chemnitz_ (1891); and straumer, _die fabrik- und handelsstadt chemnitz_ (1892). chemotaxis (from the stem of "chemistry" and gr. [greek: taxis], arrangement), a biological term for the attraction exercised on living or growing organisms or their members by chemical substances; e.g. the attraction of the male cells of ferns or mosses by an organic acid or sugar-solution. chenab (the greek acesines), one of the "five rivers" of the punjab, india. it rises in the snowy himalayan ranges of kashmir, enters british territory in the sialkot district, and flows through the plains of the punjab, forming the boundary between the rechna and the jech doabs. finally it joins the jhelum at trimmu. the chenab colony, resulting from the great success of the chenab canal in irrigating the desert of the bar, was formed out of the three adjacent districts of gujranwala, jhang, and montgomery in 1892, and contained in 1901 a population of 791,861. it lies in the rechna doab between the chenab and ravi rivers in the north-east of the jhang district, and is designed to include an irrigated area of 21⁄2 million acres. the chenab canal (opened 1887) is the largest and most profitable perennial canal in india. the principal town is lyallpur, called after sir j. broad wood lyall, lieutenant-governor of the punjab 1887-1892, which gives its name to a district created in 1904. chenedolle, charles julien lioult de (1769-1833), french poet, was born at vire (calvados) on the 4th of november 1769. he early showed a vocation for poetry, but the outbreak of the revolution temporarily diverted his energy. emigrating in 1791, he fought two campaigns in the army of conde, and eventually found his way to hamburg, where he met antoine de rivarol, of whose brilliant conversation he has left an account. he also visited mme de stael in her retreat at coppet. on his return to paris in 1799 he met chateaubriand and his sister lucile (mme de caud), to whom he became deeply attached. after her death in 1804, chenedolle returned to normandy, where he married and became eventually inspector of the academy of caen (1812-1832). with the exception of occasional visits to paris, he spent the rest of his life in his native province. he died at the chateau de coisel on the 2nd of december 1833. he published his _genie de l'homme_ in 1807, and in 1820 his _etudes poetiques_, which had the misfortune to appear shortly after the _meditations_ of lamartine, so that the author did not receive the credit of their real originality. chenedolle had many sympathies with the romanticists, and was a contributor to their organ, the _muse francaise_. his other works include the _esprit de rivarol_ (1808) in conjunction with f.j.m. fayolle. the works of chenedolle were edited in 1864 by sainte-beuve, who drew portraits of him in his _chateaubriand et son groupe_ and in an article contributed to the _revue des deux mondes_ (june 1849). see also e. helland, _etude biographique et litteraire sur chenedolle_ (1857); cazin, _notice sur chenedolle_ (1869).