{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:chasuble:9ea2b12ee6d7",
    "title": "CHASUBLE",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "9b5d6c9536229be009bff6a4d9959a30192c69606b8514a036bf300cfdfe641c",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "chasuble, &c. present state of the church. the british occupation of egypt profoundly modified coptic religious life. before it the copts lived in their own semi-fortified quarters in cairo or old cairo or in country or desert dairs (ders). walls and gates were now thrown down or disused: the copts began to mix and live freely among the moslems, their children to frequent the same schools, and the people to abandon their distinctively christian dress, names, customs and even religion. freedom and prosperity threatened to injure the church more than centuries of persecution. many of the younger generation of copts began openly to boast their indifference and even scepticism: in the large towns churches came to be too often frequented only by the old or the uneducated, confession and fasts fell into neglect and the number of communicants diminished; while the facility of divorce granted by islam occasioned many perversions from among the copts to that religion. on the other hand the necessity of resistance to these tendencies and of reform from within was strongly realized. unfortunately, the institution of a lay council of eminent churchmen, which has been formed for the patriarch and for every bishop in his own diocese, has led to prolonged struggles and on one occasion to a serious crisis, in which the patriarch and the metropolitan of alexandria were for a while banished to the desert. a principal object of these lay councils is to control the financial and legal powers vested in patriarch and bishops--powers which have often been greatly abused. other objects are (1) to provide christian religious education in all coptic schools and to raise these schools to a high standard in secular matters; (2) to promote the education of women; (3) to apply church revenues to the maintenance of churches and schools and to the better payment of the clergy, who are now often compelled to live on charity; (4) to ensure prompt administration of justice in ecclesiastical causes such as divorce, inheritance, &c.; and (5) to establish colleges for the efficient training of the clergy. educated copts remember the time when the church of alexandria was as famous for learning as for zeal. they desire also to resist the serious encroachments of roman catholic, american presbyterian, and other foreign missions upon their ancient faith. (a. j. b.) authorities.--(1) _history and religion_: johann michael wansleben (vansleb), a dominican and learned orientalist (1635-1679), _hist. de l'eglise d'alexandrie_ (paris, 1677), written at cairo in 1672 and 1673 mainly from original native sources, and _nouvelle relation ... d'un voyage fait en egypte, &c._ (paris, 1677 and 1698, eng. trans., london, 1678); eusebe renaudot the younger (1646-1720), _historia patriarcharum alexandrinorum_ (paris, 1713); ab[=u] dakn (josephus abudacnus), _historia jacobitarum_ (oxford, 1675, eng. trans. by sir e. sadleir, london, 1693); s. c. malan, _original documents of the coptic church_ (london, 1874); denzinger, _ritus orientalium_ (wurzburg, 1863); hon. robert curzon, _visits to monasteries in the levant_ (london, 1849); j. m. neale, _hist. of the patriarchate of alexandria_ (2 vols., ib., 1847), in the _hist. of the holy eastern church_, coloured by the writer's anglo-catholic point of view; a. j. butler, _ancient coptic churches of egypt_ (oxford, 1884); b. t. a. evetts and butler, _churches and monasteries of egypt_, by ab[=u] s[=a]leh (oxford, 1895); e. amelineau, _monuments pour servir a l'histoire de l'egypte chretienne aux iv^e et v^e siecles_, coptic and arabic documents published and translated for the first time, in _mem. de la mission archeolog. franc. au caire_, t. iv. (paris, 1888), and _monuments ... au iv^e siecle_ in the _annales du musee guimet_, t. xvii. (paris, 1889); p. rohrbach, _die alexandrinischen patriarchen_ (berlin, 1891); jullien, _l'egypte: souvenirs bibliques et chretiens_ (lille, 1891); macaire, _histoire de l'eglise d'alexandrie_ (cairo, 1894); porphyrius, _the christian east: alexandrian patriarchate_ (st petersburg, 1898; in russian); strzygowski, _orient oder rom?_ (leipzig, 1901); de bock, _materiaux pour servir a l'archeologie de l'egypte chretienne_ (st petersburg, 1901); kitab al _hul[=a]j[=i] al mukaddas_ (cairo, 1902); a. gayet, \"les monuments coptes du musee de boulaq,\" in the _mem. miss. archeolog. franc. au caire_, t. iii. (paris, 1889); id., l'art copte (paris, 1902); horner, _the statutes of the apostles_ (london, 1904); _egypt exploration fund reports_, section \"christian egypt\"; w. e. crum, article \"koptische kirche\" in _realencyklopadie fur protestantische theologie und kirche_, 3. aufl.; j. m. fuller's article \"coptic church\" in smith's _dictionary of biography_; a. j. butler, _the arab conquest of egypt_ (oxford, 1902); j. leipoldt, _schenute von atripe und die entstehung des national-agyptischen christentums_ (leipzig, 1903), _die entstehung der koptischen kirche_ (a valuable essay printed as the introduction to r. haupt's _katalog_ 5, halle, 1905); b. t. a. evetts, \"the patriarchal history of severus\" in graffin's _patrologia orientalis_ (paris); j. milne, _a history of egypt under roman rule_ (1898). _literature._--see crum's article above referred to, his _catalogue of coptic mss. in the british museum_, and his annual reviews in the _archaeological report_ of the egypt exploration fund; j. leipoldt in _geschichte der christlichen literaturen des orients_ (leipzig, 1907); h. junker, _koptische poesie des zehnten jahrhunderts_, 1. teil (berlin, 1908); archdeacon dowling, _the egyptian church_ (london, 1909). _modern people._--e. w. lane's description of the copts in his _modern egyptians_ is interesting, but founded on imperfect information, and, moreover, coloured by prejudices in favour of the moslems whom he studied with so much sympathy. see klunzinger, _upper egypt_, pp. 61 et sqq.; also the last chapter of _the story of the church of egypt_, by mrs e. l. butcher (1897), on the social life and customs.",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:42:28",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "9b5d6c9536229be009bff6a4d9959a30192c69606b8514a036bf300cfdfe641c"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}