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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:charles iii:8b2c40da840f",
    "title": "CHARLES III.",
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    "verified_text": "charles iii., the simple (879-929), king of france, was a posthumous son of louis the stammerer and of his second wife adelaide. on the deposition of charles the fat in 887 he was excluded from the throne by his youth; but during the reign of odo, who had succeeded charles, he succeeded in gaining the recognition of a certain number of notables and in securing his coronation at reims on the 28th of january 893. he now obtained the alliance of the emperor, and forced odo to cede part of neustria. in 898, by the death of his rival (jan. 1), he obtained possession of the whole kingdom. his most important act was the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte with the normans in 911. some of them were baptized; the territory which was afterwards known as the duchy of normandy was ceded to them; but the story of the marriage of their chief rollo with a sister of the king, related by the chronicler dudo of saint quentin, is very doubtful. the same year charles, on the invitation of the barons, took possession of the kingdom of lotharingia. in 920 the barons, jealous of the growth of the royal authority and discontented with the favour shown by the king to his counsellor hagano, rebelled, and in 922 elected robert, brother of king odo, in place of charles. robert was killed in the battle of soissons, but the victory remained with his party, who elected rudolph, duke of burgundy, king. in his extremity charles trusted himself to herbert, count of vermandois, who deceived him, and threw him into confinement at chateau-thierry and afterwards at peronne. in the latter town he died on the 7th of october 929. in 907 he had married frederona, sister of bovo, bishop of chalons. after her death he married eadgyfu (odgiva), daughter of edward the elder, king of the english, who was the mother of louis iv. see a. eckel, _charles le simple_ (paris, 1899). charles iv. (1294-1328), king of france, called the fair, was the third and youngest son of philip iv. and jeanne of navarre. in 1316 he was created count of la marche, and succeeded his brother philip v. as king of france and navarre early in 1322. he followed the policy of his predecessors in enforcing the royal authority over the nobles, but the machinery of a centralized government strong enough to hold nobility in check increased the royal expenditure, to meet which charles had recourse to doubtful financial expedients. at the beginning of his reign he ordered a recast of the coinage, with serious results to commerce; civil officials were deprived of offices, which had been conferred free, but were now put up to auction; duties were imposed on exported merchandise and on goods brought into paris; the practice of exacting heavy fines was encouraged by making the salaries of the magistrates dependent on them; and on the pretext of a crusade to free armenia from the turks, charles obtained from the pope a tithe levied on the clergy, the proceeds of which he kept for his own use; he also confiscated the property of the lombard bankers who had been invited to france by his father at a time of financial crisis. the history of the assemblies summoned by charles iv. is obscure, but in 1326, on the outbreak of war with england, an assembly of prelates and barons met at meaux. commissioners were afterwards despatched to the provinces to state the position of affairs and to receive complaints. the king justified his failure to summon the estates on the ground of the expense incurred by provincial deputies. the external politics of his reign were not marked by any striking events. he maintained excellent relations with pope john",
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