CHAPELAIN

chapelain, jean (1595-1674), french poet and man of letters, the son of a notary, was born in paris on the 4th of december 1595. his father destined him for his own profession; but his mother, who had known ronsard, had determined otherwise. at an early age chapelain began to qualify himself for literature, learning, under nicolas bourbon, greek and latin, and teaching himself italian and spanish. having finished his studies, he was engaged for a while in teaching spanish to a young nobleman. he was then appointed tutor to the two sons of a m. de la trousse, grand provost of france. attached for the next seventeen years to the family of this gentleman, the administration of whose fortune was wholly in his hands, he seems to have published nothing during this period, yet to have acquired a great reputation as a probability. his first work given to the public was a preface for the _adone_ of marini, who printed and published that notorious poem at paris. this was followed by an excellent translation of mateo aleman's novel, _guzman de alfarache_, and by four extremely indifferent odes, one of them addressed to richelieu. the credit of introducing the law of the dramatic unities into french literature has been claimed for many writers, and especially for the abbe d'aubignac, whose _pratique du theatre_ appeared in 1657. the theory had of course been enunciated in the _art poetique_ of j.c. scaliger in 1561, and subsequently by other writers, but there is no doubt that it was the action of chapelain that transferred it from the region of theory to that of actual practice. in a conversation with richelieu in about 1632, reported by the abbe d'olivet, chapelain maintained that it was indispensable to maintain the unities of time, place and action, and it is explicitly stated that the doctrine was new to the cardinal and to the poets who were in his pay. french classical drama thus owes the riveting of its fetters to chapelain. rewarded with a pension of a thousand crowns, and from the first an active member of the newly-constituted academy, chapelain drew up the plan of the grammar and dictionary the compilation of which was to be a principal function of the young institution, and at richelieu's command drew up the _sentiments de l'academie sur le cid_. in 1656 he published, in a magnificent form, the first twelve cantos of his celebrated epic _la pucelle_,[1] on which he had been engaged during twenty years. six editions of the poem were disposed of in eighteen months. but this was the end of the poetic reputation of chapelain, "the legist of parnassus". later the slashing satire of boileau (in this case fairly master of his subject) did its work, and chapelain ("_le plus grand poete francais qu' ait jamais ete et du plus solide jugement_," as he is called in colbert's list) took his place among the failures of modern art. chapelain's reputation as a critic survived this catastrophe, and in 1663 he was employed by colbert to draw up an account of contemporary men of letters, destined to guide the king in his distribution of pensions. in this pamphlet, as in his letters, he shows to far greater advantage than in his unfortunate epic. his prose is incomparably better than his verse; his criticisms are remarkable for their justice and generosity; his erudition and kindliness of heart are everywhere apparent; the royal attention is directed alike towards the author's firmest friends and bitterest enemies. to him young racine was indebted not only for kindly and seasonable counsel, but also for that pension of six hundred livres which was so useful to him. the catholicity of his taste is shown by his _de la lecture des vieux romans_ (pr. 1870), in which he praises the _chansons de geste_, forgotten by his generation. chapelain refused many honours, and his disinterestedness in this and other cases makes it necessary to receive with caution the stories of menage and tallemant des reaux, who assert that he was in his old age a miser, and that a considerable fortune was found hoarded in his apartments when he died on the 22nd of february 1674. there is a very favourable estimate of chapelain's merits as a critic in george saintsbury's _history of criticism_, ii. 256-261. an analysis of _la pucelle_ is given in pp. 23-79 of robert southey's _joan of arc_. see also _les lettres de jean chapelain_ (ed. p. tanuzey de larroque, 1880-1882); _lettres inedites ... a p.d. huet_ (1658-1673, ed. by l.g. pellissier, 1894); julien duchesne, _les poemes epiques du xviie siecle_ (1870); the abbe a. fabre, _les ennemis de chapelain_ (1888), _chapelain et nos deux premieres academies_ (1890); and a. muehlan,_ jean chapelain_ (1893). footnote: [1] the last twelve cantos of _la pucelle_ were edited (1882) from the ms. with corrections and a preface in the author's autograph, in the _bibliotheque nationale_, by h. herluison. another edition, by e. de molenes (2 vols.), was published in 1892.