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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "title": "CHAMBERLAIN",
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    "verified_text": "chamberlain, sir neville bowles (1820-1902), british field marshal, was the third son of sir henry chamberlain, first baronet, consul-general and charge d'affaires in brazil, and was born at rio on the 10th of january 1820. he entered the indian army in 1837, served as a subaltern in the first afghan war (1839-42), and was wounded on six occasions. he was attached to the governor-general's bodyguard at the battle of maharajpur, in the gwalior campaign of 1843, was appointed military secretary to the governor of bombay in 1846, and honorary aide-de-camp to the governor-general of india in 1847. he served on the staff throughout the punjab campaign of 1848-49, and was given a brevet majority. in 1850 he was appointed commandant of the punjab military police, and in 1852 military secretary to the punjab government. promoted lieut.-colonel in 1854, he was given the command of the punjab frontier force with rank of brigadier-general, and commanded in several expeditions against the frontier tribes. in the indian mutiny he succeeded colonel chester as adjutant-general of the indian army, and distinguished himself at the siege of delhi, where he was severely wounded. he was rewarded with a brevet-colonelcy, the appointment of a.d.c. to the queen, and the c.b. he was reappointed to the command of the punjab frontier force in 1858, and commanded in the umbeyla campaign (1863), in which he was severely wounded. he was now made major-general for distinguished service and a k.c.b. he was made k.c.s.i. in 1866, lieut.-general in 1872, g.c.s.i. in 1873, g.c.b in 1875, and general in 1877. from 1876 to 1881 he was commander-in-chief of the madras army, and in 1878 was sent on a mission to the amir of afghanistan, whose refusal to allow him to enter the country precipitated the second afghan war. he was for some time acting military member of the council of the governor-general of india. he retired in 1886, was made a field marshal in 1900, and died on the 18th of february 1902. an excellent biography by g.w. forrest appeared in 1909. chamberlain (o. fr. _chamberlain, chamberlenc_, mod. fr. _chambellan_, from o.h. ger. _chamarling, chamarlinc_, whence also the med. lat. _cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus_; ital. _camerlingo_; span, _camerlengo_, compounded of o.h. ger. _chamara, kamara_ [lat. _camera_, \"chamber\"], and the ger. suffix _-ling_), etymologically, and also to a large extent historically, an officer charged with the superintendence of domestic affairs. such were the chamberlains of monasteries or cathedrals, who had charge of the finances, gave notice of chapter meetings, and provided the materials necessary for the various services. in these cases, as in that of the apostolic chamberlain of the roman see, the title was borrowed from the usage of the courts of the western secular princes. a royal chamberlain is now a court official whose function is in general to attend on the person of the sovereign and to regulate the etiquette of the palace. he is the representative of the medieval _camberlanus, cambellanus_, or _cubicularius_, whose office was modelled on that of the _praefectus sacri cubiculi_ or _cubicularius_ of the roman emperors. but at the outset there was another class of chamberlains, the _camerarii_, i.e. high officials charged with the administration of the royal treasury (_camera_). the _camerarius_ of the carolingian emperors was the equivalent of the _hordere_ or _thesaurarius_ (treasurer) of the anglo-saxon kings; he develops into the _erzkammerer_ (_archicamerarius_) of the holy roman empire, an office held by the margraves of brandenburg, and the _grand chambrier_ of france, who held his _chamberie_ as a fief. similarly in england after the norman conquest the _hordere_ becomes the chamberlain. this office was of great importance. before the conquest he had been, with the marshal, the principal officer of the king's court; and under the norman sovereigns his functions were manifold. as he had charge of the administration of the royal household, his office was of financial importance, for a portion of the royal revenue was paid, not into the exchequer, but in _camera regis_. in course of time the office became hereditary and titular, but the complexities of the duties necessitated a division of the work, and the office was split up into three: the hereditary and sinecure office of _magister camerarius_ or lord great chamberlain (see lord great chamberlain), the more important domestic office of _camerarius regis_, king's chamberlain or lord chamberlain (see lord chamberlain), and the chamberlains (_camerarii_) of the exchequer, two in number, who were originally representatives of the chamberlain at the exchequer, and afterwards in conjunction with the treasurer presided over that department. in 1826 the last of these officials died, when by an act passed forty-four years earlier they disappeared. in france the office of _grand chambrier_ was early overshadowed by the _chamberlains (cubicularii, cambellani_, but sometimes also _camerarii_), officials in close personal attendance on the king, men at first of low rank, but of great and ever-increasing influence. as the office of _grand chambrier_, held by great feudal nobles seldom at court, became more and more honorary, the chamberlains grew in power, in numbers and in rank, until, in the 13th century, one of them emerges as a great officer of state, the _chambellan de france_ or _grand chambellan_ (also _magister cambellanorum, mestre chamberlenc_), who at times shares with the _grand chambrier_ the revenues derived from certain trades in the city of paris (see _regestum memoralium camerae computorum_, quoted in du cange, s. _cameranus_). the honorary office of _grand chambrier_ survived till the time of henry ii., who was himself the last to hold it before his accession; that of _grand chambellan_, which in its turn soon became purely honorary, survived till the revolution. among the prerogatives of the _grand chambellan_ which survived to the last not the least valued was the right to hand the king his shirt at the ceremonial levee. the offices of _grand chambellan, premier chambellan_, and _chambellan_ were revived by napoleon, continued under the restoration, abolished by louis philippe, and again restored by napoleon iii. in the papal curia the apostolic chamberlain (lat. _camerarius_, ital. _camerlingo_) occupies a very important position. he is at the head of the treasury (_camera thesauraria_) and, in the days of the temporal power, not only administered the papal finances but possessed an extensive civil and criminal jurisdiction. during a vacancy of the holy see he is at the head of the administration of the roman church. the office dates from the 11th century, when it superseded that of archdeacon of the roman church, and the close personal relations of the _camerarius_ with the pope, together with the fact that he is the official guardian of the ceremonial vestments and treasures, point to the fact that he is also the representative of the former _vestararius_ and _vice-dominus_, whose functions were merged in the new office, of which the idea and title were probably borrowed from the usage of the secular courts of the west (hinschius, _kirchenrecht_, i. 405, &c.). there are also attached to the papal household (_famiglia pontificia_) a large number of chamberlains whose functions are more or less ornamental. these are divided into several categories: privy chamberlains (_camerieri segreti_), chamberlains, assistant and honorary chamberlains. these are gentlemen of rank and belong to the highest class of the household (_famiglia nobile_). in england the modern representatives of the _cubicularii_ are the gentlemen and grooms of the bed-chamber, in germany the _kammerherr_ (_kammerer_, from _camerarius_, in bavaria and austria) and _kammerjunker_. the insignia of their office is a gold key attached to their coats behind. many corporations appoint a chamberlain. the most important in england is the chamberlain of the corporation of the city of london, who is treasurer of the corporation, admits persons entitled to the freedom of the city, and, in the chamberlain's court, of which he and the vice-chamberlain are judges, exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the police court in determining disputes between masters and apprentices. formerly nominated by the crown, since 1688 he has been elected annually by the liverymen. he has a salary of l2000 a year. similarly in germany the administration of the finances of a city is called the _kammerei_ and the official in charge of it the _kammerer_. see also state, great officers of; household, royal; du cange, _glossarium_, s. \"camerarius\" and \"cambellanus\"; pere anselme (pierre de guibours), _hist. genealogique et chronologique de la maison royale de france, &c_. (9 vols., 3rd ed., 1726-1733); a. luchaire, _manuel des institutions francaises_ (paris, 1892); w.r. anson, _law and custom of the constitution_ (oxford, 1896); hinschius, _kirchenrecht_, i. 405 (berlin, 1869).",
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