CHALDEE

chaldee, a term sometimes applied to the aramaic portions of the biblical books of ezra and daniel or to the vernacular paraphrases of the old testament (see targum). the explanation formerly adopted and embodied in the name chaldee is that the change took place in babylon. that the so-called biblical chaldee, in which considerable portions of the books of ezra and daniel are written, was really the language of babylon was supposed to be clear from dan. ii. 4, where the chaldaeans are said to have spoken to the king in aramaic. but the cuneiform inscriptions show that the language of the chaldaeans was assyrian; and an examination of the very large part of the hebrew old testament written later than the exile proves conclusively that the substitution of aramaic for hebrew as the vernacular of palestine took place very gradually. hence scholars are now agreed that the term "chaldee" is a misnomer, and that the dialect so called is really the language of the south-western arameans, who were the immediate neighbours of the jews (w. wright, _comparative grammar of the semitic languages_, p. 16). (see semitic languages.) chalice (through a central o. fr. form of the lat. _calix_, _calicis_, cup), a drinking-vessel of the cup or goblet form, now only used of the cup used in the celebration of the eucharist (q.v.). for the various forms which the "chalice" so used has taken, see drinking-vessels and plate. when, in the eucharistic service, water is mixed with the wine, the "chalice" is known as the "mixed chalice." this has been customary both in the eastern and western churches from early times. the armenian church does not use the "mixed chalice." it was used in the english church before the reformation. according to the present law of the english church, the mixing of the water with wine is lawful, if this is not done as part of or during the services, i.e. if it is not done ceremonially (_martin_ v. _mackonochie_, 1868, l.r. 2 p.c. 365; _read_ v. _bp. of lincoln_, 1892, a.c. 664).