CETTE

cette, a seaport of southern france in the department of herault, 18 m. s.w. of montpellier by the southern railway. pop. (1906) 32,659. after marseilles it is the principal commercial port on the south coast of france. the older part of cette occupies the foot and slope of the mont st clair (the ancient _mons setius_), a hill 590 ft. in height, situated on a tongue of land that lies between the mediterranean and the lagoon of thau. this quarter with its wide streets and lofty stone buildings is bounded on the east by the canal de cette, which leads from the lagoon of thau to the old basin and the outer harbour. across the canal lie the newer quarters, which chiefly occupy two islands separated from each other by a wet dock and limited on the east by the canal maritime, parallel to the canal de cette. a lateral canal unites the northern ends of the two main canals. a breakwater running w.s.w. and e.n.e. protects the entrance to the harbour, which is one of the safest in france. the outer port and the old basin are enclosed by a mole to the south and by a jetty to the east. behind the outer port lies an inner and more recent basin which communicates with the canal maritime. the entire area of the harbour, including the canals, is 111 acres with a quayage length of over 8000 yds. the public institutions of cette include tribunals of commerce and of maritime commerce, councils of arbitration in commercial and fishing affairs, an exchange and chamber of commerce, a branch of the bank of france and a large hospital. there are also a communal college, a naval school, and schools of music, commerce and industry, and navigation. cette is much resorted to for sea-bathing. the town is connected with lyons by the canal from the rhone to cette, and with bordeaux by the canal du midi, and is a junction of the southern and paris-lyon railways. the shipping trade is carried on with south america, the chief ports of the mediterranean, and especially with spain. the chief exports are wines and brandy, chemical products, skins and soap; the chief imports are wine, cereals, coal, timber, petroleum, sulphur, tar and chemical substances. in the five years 1901-1905 the average annual value of imports was l3,720,000 (l4,980,000 in years 1896-1900), of exports l1,427,000 (l1,237,000 in 1896-1900). more than 400 small craft are employed in the sardine, tunny, cod and other fisheries. large quantities of shell-fish are obtained from the lagoon of thau. there are factories for the pickling of sardines, for the manufacture of liqueurs and casks, and for the treatment of sulphur, phosphates, and nitrate of soda. the schneider company of creusot also have metallurgical works at cette, and the establishments for making wine give employment to thousands. the port of cette was created in 1666 by the agency of colbert, minister of louis xiv., and according to the plans of vauban; toward the end of the 17th century its development was aided by the opening of the canal du midi. cettigne (servian, _tsetinye_; also written _cettinje_, _tzetinje_, and _tsettinye_), the capital of montenegro; in a narrow plain deeply sunk in the heart of the limestone mountains, at a height of 2093 ft. above the sea. pop. (1900) about 3200. the surrounding country is bare and stony, with carefully cultivated patches of rich red soil among the crevices of the rock. in winter it is often so deeply covered with snow as to be well-nigh inaccessible, while in spring and autumn it is frequently flooded by the waters of a small brook which becomes a torrent after rain or a thaw. cettigne itself is little more than a walled village, consisting of a cluster of whitewashed cottages and some unadorned public buildings. these include a church; a fortified monastery which was founded in 1478, but so often burned and rebuilt as to seem quite modern, and which is visited by pilgrims to the tomb of peter i. (1782-1830); residences for the archimandrite and the _vladika_ or metropolitan of cettigne; a palace built in 1863, which accommodates the ministries; the court of appeal, and a school modelled on the gymnasia of germany and austria; the newer palaces of the prince and his heir; foreign legations; barracks; a seminary for priests and teachers, established by the tsar alexander ii. (1855-1881), with a very successful girls' school founded and endowed by the tsaritsa marie; a library and reading-room; a theatre, a museum and a hospital. in an open space near the old palace stood the celebrated plane tree, beneath which prince nicholas gave audience to his subjects, and administered justice until the closing years of the 19th century. a zigzag highway, regarded as a triumph of engineering, winds through the mountain passes between cettigne and the austrian seaport of cattaro; and other good roads give access to the richest parts of the interior. there is, however, little trade, though mineral waters are manufactured. cettigne owes its origin to ivan the black, who was forced, towards the end of the 15th century, to withdraw from zhabliak, his former capital. it has often been taken and sacked by the turks, but has seldom been occupied by them for long. cetus ("the whale"), in astronomy, a constellation of the southern hemisphere, mentioned by eudoxus (4th century b.c.) and aratus (3rd century b.c.), and fabled by the greeks to be the monster sent by neptune to devour andromeda, but which was slain by perseus. ptolemy catalogued 22 stars in this constellation; tycho brahe, 21; and hevelius, 45. the most remarkable star of this constellation is _o-(mira) ceti_, a long-period variable, discovered by the german astronomer fabricius; its magnitude varies between about 3 to 9, and its period is 331 days. _[tau]-ceti_ is an irregular variable, its extreme magnitudes being 5 and 7; _[gamma]-ceti_ is a beautiful double star, consisting of a yellow star of magnitude 3 and a blue of magnitude 6.8; _[nu]-ceti_ is also a double star. cetywayo ( ?-1884), king of the zulus, was the eldest son of king umpande or panda, and a nephew of the two previous kings, dingaan and chaka. cetywayo was a young man when in 1840 his father was placed on the throne by the aid of the natal boers; and three years later natal became a british colony. cetywayo had inherited much of the military talent of his uncle chaka, the organizer of the zulu military system, and chafed under his father's peaceful policy towards his british and boer neighbours. suspecting panda of favouring a younger son, umbulazi, as his successor, cetywayo made war on his brother, whom he defeated and slew at a great battle on the banks of the tugela in december 1856. in the following year, at an assembly of the zulus, it was resolved that panda should retire from the management of the affairs of the nation, which were entrusted to cetywayo, though the old chief kept the title of king. cetywayo was, however, suspicious of the natal government, which afforded protection to two of his brothers. the feeling of distrust was removed in 1861 by a visit from mr (afterwards sir) theophilus shepstone, secretary for native affairs in natal, who induced panda to proclaim cetywayo publicly as the future king. friendly relations were then maintained between the zulus and natal for many years. in 1872 panda died, and cetywayo was declared king, august 1873, in the presence of shepstone, to whom he made solemn promises to live at peace with his neighbours and to govern his people more humanely. these promises were not kept. not only were numbers of his own people wantonly slain (cetywayo returning defiant messages to the governor of natal when remonstrated with), and the military system of chaka and dingaan strengthened, but he had a feud with the transvaal boers as to the possession of the territory between the buffalo and pongola rivers, and encouraged the chief sikukuni (secocoeni) in his struggle against the boers. this feud with the boers was inherited by the british government on the annexation of the transvaal in 1877. cetywayo's attitude became menacing; he allowed a minor chief to make raids into the transvaal, and seized natives within the natal border. sir bartle frere, who became high commissioner of south africa in march 1877, found evidence which convinced him that the kaffir revolt of that year on the eastern border of cape colony was part of a design or desire "for a general and simultaneous rising of kaffirdom against white civilization"; and the kaffirs undoubtedly looked to cetywayo and the zulus as the most redoubtable of their champions. in december 1878 frere sent the zulu king an ultimatum, which, while awarding him the territory he claimed from the boers, required him to make reparation for the outrages committed within the british borders, to receive a british resident, to disband his regiments, and to allow his young men to marry without the necessity of having first "washed their spears." cetywayo, who had found a defender in bishop colenso, vouchsafed no reply, and lord chelmsford entered zululand, at the head of 13,000 troops, on the 11th of january 1879 to enforce the british demands. the disaster of isandhlwana and the defence of rorke's drift signalized the commencement of the campaign, but on the 4th of july the zulus were utterly routed at ulundi. cetywayo became a fugitive, but was captured on the 28th of august. his kingdom was divided among thirteen chiefs and he himself taken to cape town, whence he was brought to london in august 1882. he remained in england less than a month, during which time the government (the second gladstone administration) announced that they had decided upon his restoration. to his great disappointment, however, restoration proved to refer only to a portion of his old kingdom. even there one of his kinsmen and chief enemies, usibepu, was allowed to retain the territory allotted to him in 1879. cetywayo was reinstalled on the 29th of january 1883 by shepstone, but his enemies, headed by usibepu, attacked him within a week, and after a struggle of nearly a year's duration he was defeated and his kraal destroyed. he then took refuge in the native reserve, where he died on the 8th of february 1884. for a quarter of a century he had been the most conspicuous native figure in south africa, and had been the cause of long and bitter political controversy in great britain. his son dinizulu afterwards attempted to become king, was exiled (1889) to st helena, permitted to return (1898), and granted the position of a chief. in december 1907 dinizulu was imprisoned at maritzburg, being suspected of complicity in the revolt which had occurred in zululand the previous year. he was kept many months waiting trial, there being considerable friction between the colonial government and the british government over the incident. he was eventually brought to trial in november 1908 before a special court, his defence (to the cost of which the british government contributed l2000) being undertaken by mr w.p. schreiner. the trial was not concluded until march 1909. the charge of high treason was not proved, but dinizulu was convicted of harbouring rebels and was sentenced to four years' imprisonment. _the life of sir bartle frere_, by john martineau, vol. ii. chaps. 18 to 21, contains much information concerning cetywayo. ceuta (arabic _sebta_), a spanish military and convict station and seaport on the north coast of morocco, in 35 deg. 54' n., 5 deg. 18' w. pop. about 13,000. it is situated on a promontory connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus. this promontory marks the south-eastern end of the straits of gibraltar, which between ceuta and gibraltar have a width of 14 m. the promontory terminates in a bold headland, the montagne des singes, with seven distinct peaks. of these the highest is the monte del hacko, the ancient _abyla_, one of the "pillars of hercules," which faces gibraltar and rises 636 ft. above the sea. on the westernmost point--almina, 476 ft. high--is a lighthouse with a light visible for 23 m. ceuta consists of two quarters, the old town, covering the low ground of the isthmus, and the modern town, built on the hills forming the north and west faces of the peninsula. between the old and new quarters and on the north side of the isthmus lies the port. the public buildings in the town, thoroughly spanish in its character, are not striking: they include the cathedral (formerly a mosque), the governor's palace, the town hall, barracks, and the convict prison in the old convent of san francisco. ceuta has been fortified seaward, the works being furnished with modern artillery intended to command the entrance to the mediterranean. landward are three lines of defence, the inner line stretching completely across the isthmus. these fortifications, which date from the time of the portuguese occupation, have been partly modernized. the citadel, el hacho, built on the neck of the isthmus, dates from the 15th century. the garrison consists of between 3000 and 4000 men, inclusive of a disciplinary corps of military convicts. of the rest of the population about 2000 are civilian convicts; and there are colonies of jews, negroes and moors, the last including descendants of moors transferred to ceuta from oran when spain abandoned that city in 1796. ceuta occupies in part the site of a carthaginian colony, which was succeeded by a roman colony said to have been called _ad septem fratres_ and also _exilissa_ or _lissa civitas_. from the romans the town passed to the vandals and afterwards to byzantium, the emperor justinian restoring its fortifications in 535. in 618 the town, then known as _septon_, fell into the hands of the visigoths. it was the last stronghold in north africa which held out against the arabs. at that date (a.d. 711) the governor of the town was the count julian who, in revenge for the betrayal of his daughter by king roderick of toledo, invited the arabs to cross the straits under tarik and conquer spain for islam. by the arabs the town was called _cibta_ or _sebta_, hence the spanish form _ceuta_. from the date of its occupation by the arabs the town had a stormy history, being repeatedly captured by rival berber and spanish-moorish dynasties. it became nevertheless an important commercial and industrial city, being noted for its brass ware, its trade in ivory, gold and slaves. it is said to have been the first place in the west where a paper manufactory was established. in 1415 the town was captured by the portuguese under john i., among those taking part in the attack being prince henry "the navigator" and two of his brothers, who were knighted on the day following in the mosque (hastily dedicated as a christian church). ceuta passed to spain in 1580 on the subjugation of portugal by philip ii., and was definitely assigned to the spanish crown by the treaty of lisbon in 1688. the town has been several times unsuccessfully besieged by the moors--one siege, under mulai ismail, lasting twenty-six years (1694-1720). in 1810, with the consent of spain, it was occupied by british troops under general sir j.f. fraser. the town was restored to spain by the british at the close of the napoleonic wars. as the result of the war between spain and morocco in 1860 the area of spanish territory around the town was increased. the military governor of the town also commands the troops in the other spanish stations on the coast of morocco. for civil purposes ceuta is attached to the province of cadiz. it is a free port, but does little trade. see de prado, _recuerdos de africa; historia de la plaza de ceuta_ (madrid, 1859-1860); budgett meakin, _the land of the moors_ (london, 1901), chap, xix., where many works dealing with spanish morocco are cited.