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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:carnoustie:b92ca849f8a8",
    "title": "CARNOUSTIE",
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    "verified_text": "carnoustie, a police burgh and watering-place of forfarshire, scotland. pop. (1901) 5204. it lies on the north sea, 10-3/4 m. e.n.e. of dundee by the north british railway. bathing and golfing are good. barry links, a triangular sandy track occupying the south-eastern corner of the shire, are used as a camping and manoeuvring ground for the artillery and infantry forces of the district, and occasionally of scotland. its most extreme point is called buddon ness, off which are the dangerous shoals locally known as the roaring lion, in consequence of the deep boom of the waves. on the ness two lighthouses have been built at different levels, the lights of which are visible at 13 and 16 m. carnuntum ([greek: karnous] in ptolemy), an important roman fortress, originally belonging to noricum, but after the 1st century a.d. to pannonia. it was a celtic town, the name, which is nearly always found with k on monuments, being derived from _kar, karn_ (\"rock,\" \"cairn\"). its extensive ruins may still be seen near hainburg, between deutsch-altenburg and petronell, in lower austria. its name first occurs in history during the reign of augustus (a.d. 6), when tiberius made it his base of operations in the campaigns against maroboduus (marbod). a few years later it became the centre of the roman fortifications along the danube from vindobona (vienna) to brigetio (o-szony), and (under trajan or hadrian) the permanent quarters of the xiv legion. it was also a very old mart for the amber brought to italy from the north. it was created a municipium by hadrian (aelium carnuntum). marcus aurelius resided there for three years (172-175) during the war against the marcomanni, and wrote part of his _meditations_. septimius severus, at the time governor of pannonia, was proclaimed emperor there by the soldiers (193). in the 4th century it was destroyed by the germans, and, although partly restored by valentinian i., it never regained its former importance, and vindobona became the chief military centre. it was finally destroyed by the hungarians in the middle ages. a special society (_carnuntumverein_) exists for the exploration of the numerous ruins, the results of which will be found in j.w. kubitschek and s. frankfurter, _fuhrer durch carnuntum_ (3rd ed., 1894); see also e. von sacken, \"die romische stadt carnuntum,\" in _sitzungsberichte der k. akad. der wissenschaften_, ix. (vienna, 1852); article by kubitschek in pauly-wissowa's _realencydopadie_, iii. part ii. (1899); _corpus inscriptionum latinarum_, iii., part i. p. 550. carnutes (carnuti, carnutae, [greek: karnoutinoi] in plutarch), a celtic people of central gaul, between the sequana (seine) and the liger (loire). their territory corresponded to the dioceses of chartres, orleans and blois, that is, the greater part of the modern departments of eure-et-loir, loiret, loir-et-cher. it was regarded as the political and religious centre of the gallic nation. the chief towns were cenabum (not genabum; orleans) and autricum (chartres). according to livy (v. 34) the carnutes were one of the tribes which accompanied bellovesus in his invasion of italy during the reign of tarquinius priscus. in the time of caesar they were dependents of the remi, who on one occasion interceded for them. in 52 they joined in the rebellion of vercingetorix. as a punishment for the treacherous murder of some roman merchants and one of caesar's commissariat officers at cenabum, the town was burnt and the inhabitants put to the sword or sold as slaves. during the war they sent 12,000 men to relieve alesia, but shared in the defeat of the gallic army. having attacked the bituriges cubi, who appealed to caesar for assistance, they were forced to submit. under augustus, the carnutes, as one of the peoples of lugdunensis, were raised to the rank of _civitas socia_ or _foederata_, retaining their own institutions, and only bound to render military service to the emperor. up to the 3rd century autricum (later carnutes, whence chartres) was the capital, but in 275 aurelian changed cenabum from a _vicus_ into a _civitas_ and named it aurelianum or aurelianensis urbs (whence orleans). see caesar, _bell. gall._ v. 25, 29, vii. 8, 11, 75, viii. 5, 31; strabo iv. pp. 191-193; r. boutrays, _urbis gentisque carnutum historia_ (1624); a. desjardins, _geographie historique de la gaule_, ii. (1876-1893); article and bibliography in _la grande encyclopedie_, t.r. holmes, _caesar's conquest of gaul_ (1899), p. 402, on cenabum.",
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