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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:capsicum:09be16b9aa84",
    "title": "CAPSICUM",
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    "verified_text": "capsicum, a genus of plants, the fruits of which are used as peppers (see cayenne pepper for botany, &c.). as used in medicine, the ripe fruit of the _capsicum mimum_ (or _frutescans_), containing the active principle capsaicin (capsacutin), first isolated by thresh in 1876, has remarkable physiological properties. applied locally to the skin or mucous membrane, it causes redness and later vesication. internally in small doses it stimulates gastric secretions and causes dilatation of the vessels; but if used internally in excess for a long period it will cause subacute gastritis. in single doses in excess it causes renal irritation and inflammation and strangury. the administration of capsicum is valuable in atony of the stomach due to chronic alcoholism, its hot stimulating effect not only increasing the appetite but to a certain degree satisfying the craving for alcohol. it is also useful in the flatulency of the aged, where it prevents the development of gas, and has a marked effect on anorexia. it has been used in functional torpidity of the kidney. externally capsicum plaster placed over the affected muscles is useful in rheumatism and lumbago. capsicum wool, known as calorific wool, made by dissolving the oleoresin of capsicum in ether and pouring it on to absorbent cotton-wool, is useful in rheumatic affections. capstan (also spelt in other forms, or as \"capstock\" and \"cable stock,\" connected with the o. fr. _capestan_ or _cabestan_, from lat. _capistrum_, a halter, _capere_, to take hold of; the conjecture that it came from the span. _cabra_, goat, and _estanto_, standing, is untenable), an appliance used on board ship and on dock walls, for heaving-in or veering cables and hawsers, whether of iron, steel or hemp. it differs from a windlass, which is used for the same purposes, in having the axis on which the rope is wound vertical instead of horizontal. the word seems to have come into english (14th century) from french or spanish shipmen at the time of the crusades. the earlier forms were of a comparatively simple character, made of wood with an iron spindle and worked by manual labour with wooden capstan bars. as heavier cables were supplied to ships, difficulty was found, when riding at anchor, in holding, checking and veering cable. a cable-holder (w.h. harfield's) was tested in h.m.s. \"newcastle\" (wooden frigate) in 1870 and proved effective; its first development in 1876 was the application in the form of a windlass secured to the deck, driven by a messenger chain from the capstan, fitted in h.m.s. \"inflexible\" (fig. 1). [illustration: fig. 1.] the capstans and engine are shown at a, a, a, and the windlass b is driven by messenger chains c, c. the four cables (dotted line d, d) lead to their respective cable-holders, fitted with a brake, and by these means each cable-holder can be connected to the main driving shaft, and any cable hove-in or veered independently of the other; by using steam power instead of manual, the previous slow motion was obviated. in h.m.s. \"collingwood\" steam power was used to work the windlass directly by means of worm gearing; the windlass was divided into two parts, so that the one on the port side could be worked independently of that on the starboard, and vice versa. an independent capstan in both ships, arranged to take either of the cables, could be worked by hand or steam. in the \"collingwood's\" windlass the cables remained on their holders, and could be hove-in or veered without being touched. [illustration: fig. 2.--elevation looking aft.] napier's patent windlass for merchant ships (1906) resembles an appliance fitted in the earlier second-class cruisers of the british navy (1890 to 1900). two cable wheels or cable-holders are mounted loose on a horizontal axle, one on each side of a worm wheel which is tightly keyed on the middle part of the axle. a vertical steam engine with two cylinders, placed one on each side of the framing, drives a second horizontal axle which is connected by a set of bevel gears to an upright worm shaft, which works the worm wheel. this worm wheel can be connected by means of sliding bolts to one or both of the cable wheels, enabling one or both cables to be hove-in or veered as necessary. a brake, of napier's self-holding differential type, is fitted to each cable wheel, and is controlled by hand wheels on the aft side of the windlass. for warping purposes, warping drums are fitted (made portable if required). a third central capstan, fitted forward of the windlass, is connected to the upright worm shaft by a horizontal shaft and bevel wheels. it can also be worked by manual labour with capstan bars. fig. 2 represents the arrangement of the capstans on the forecastle of a battleship, fitted by napier brothers. deep-bodied capstans have been superseded by low drum-headed ones, over which the guns may be fired. the three capstans or cable-holders of cast steel, capable of taking 2-11/16 in. cables, are fitted on vertical spindles, which pass down through the main and armoured decks to the platform one, where the steam engine and gearing are placed. the gearing consists of worm and wheel gears, so arranged that the three capstans can be worked singly or in conjunction, when heaving-in or veering, and the brakes (of the type previously mentioned) are controlled by a portable hand wheel fitted on the aft side of each. the cable-holders can be used for riding at anchor (see cable). the middle line capstan e is keyed to vertical spindles and can be coupled up to the capstan engine, by clutch and drop bolts in the capstan engine room; it is fitted with a cable-holder, to take either the port or starboard cables, and in addition is provided with portable whelps, enabling it to be used for warping. it can also be worked by manual labour with capstan bars, a drum-head e', fitted on the spindle on the main deck, enabling additional capstan bars to be used if required. [illustration: fig. 3.-- napier brothers' capstan.] to avoid carrying steam pipes aft, the after capstan is worked by an electric motor which is kept below the water-line. napier brothers' capstan (fig. 3) is for warping purposes, for working the stern anchor with wire hawser and for coaling. it is placed on the upper deck, and is fitted with a drum-head for capstan bars, with pawls and pawl rim on the deck plate, the pawls a being lifted and placed on their rests b when working with the motor. the upper portion of the capstan, together with its drum-head, is portable, being fixed to the centre boss with keys and gun-metal screws. the centre boss is keyed to the spindle, which passes through the deck and carries at its lower end a coupling for connecting to the worm wheel gear. for working by motor, the additional security of two drop bolts is provided. the gearing consists of a single worm and worm wheel, working in an oil-bath, the worm shaft being coupled direct to the motor spindle. the motor is of the semi-enclosed type, the working and live parts being protected by a perforated metallic covering; it is worked off a 100-volt circuit, at a speed under full load conditions of 300 revolutions per minute. the motor is of a 4-pole type and compound wound, the shunt winding limiting the speed on light load to not more than 1000 revolutions per minute. a frictional break is provided, pulled off by means of a shunt-excited magnet. the controller is of the reversing drum type, with not less than four steps in either direction, and is fitted with a magnetic blow-out. the control is effected by a removable hand wheel on a portable pedestal, fitted on top with a circular dial plate and indicating pointer; the hand wheel reverses the current as well as graduates the speed in either direction. all capstans of the british navy, after being fitted on board ship, are tested for lifting power and speed; with foremost (steam) capstans, the steam being at 150 lb. pressure, the anchor is usually let go in 16 to 25 fathoms water, and the speed ascertained by observing the time taken to heave-in not less than a length of cable, 75 ft.; the length must be hove-in in three minutes, or at the rate of 25 ft. per minute. with the after capstan (motor) of first-class battleships and cruisers, a weight is used instead of an anchor, the test being to lift 9 tons at the rate of 25 ft. per minute. capstans on dock walls in british government dockyards are usually driven by hydraulic or air pressure, conveyed through pipes to small engines underneath the capstans. (j. w. d.) capsule (from the lat. _capsula_, a small box), a term in botany for a dry seed vessel, as in the poppy, iris, foxglove, &c., containing one or more cells. when ripe the capsule opens and scatters the seed (see botany). the word is used also for a small gelatinous case enclosing a dose of medicine, and for a metal cap or cover on bottles and jars. in anatomy the term is used to denote a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. every diarthrodial joint possesses a fibrous or ligamentous capsule, lined with synovial membrane, attached to the adjacent ends of the articulating bones. the term is particularly applied to the sac which encloses the crystalline lens of the eye; to glisson's capsule, a thin areolar coat of fibrous tissue lying inside the tunica serosa of the liver; to the glomerular capsules in the kidney substance; to the suprarenal capsules, two small flattened organs in the epigastric region; and to the internal and external capsules of the brain (see brain, fig. 14 and explanation). captain (derived from lat. _caput_, head, through the low lat. _capitanus_), a chief or leader, in various connexions, but particularly a grade officer in the army or navy. at sea the name of captain is given to all who command ships whether they belong to the military navy of their country or not, or whether they hold the substantive rank or not. thus a lieutenant when in command of a vessel is addressed as captain. in france a naval lieutenant is addressed as _mon capitaine_ because he has that comparative rank in the army. the master of a merchant ship is known as her captain. but the name is also used in the strict sense of foreman, or head man, to describe many of the minor or \"petty\" officers of a british or american man-of-war--the captain of a top, of the forecastle, or of a gun. the title \"post captain\" in the british navy means simply full captain, and is the equivalent of the french _capitaine de vaisseau_. it had its origin in the fact that captains appointed to a ship of twenty guns and upwards were included in, or \"posted\" on, the permanent list of captains from among whom the admirals were chosen. the captain of the fleet is an officer who acts as chief of the staff to an admiral commanding a large force. the position is equivalent to flag rank, but is held by a captain. staff captain is the highest grade of the officers entrusted with the nayigation of a ship or fleet. the military rank of captain (fr. _capitaine_, ger. _hauptmann_, or in the cavalry, _rittmeister_), which was formerly the title of an officer of high rank corresponding to the modern general officer or colonel, has with the gradual subdivision and articulation of armies, come to be applied to the commanders of companies or squadrons, and in general to officers of the grade equivalent to this command (see officers). the title of \"captain-general\" was formerly used in the general sense of a military commander-in-chief, and is still similarly used in spain. in the spanish army there are eight captains-general, each of whom has command of a \"region\" corresponding to an army corps district. the same title was formerly given to the spanish governors of the colonial provinces in the new world. the official title of the governor of jamaica is \"captain-general and governor-in-chief.\" captal (lat. _capitalis_, \"first,\" \"chief\"), a medieval feudal title in gascony. according to du cange the designation captal (_capital, captau, capitau_) was applied loosely to the more illustrious nobles of aquitaine, counts, viscounts, &c., probably as _capitales domini_, \"principal lords,\" though he quotes more fanciful explanations. as an actual title the word was used only by the lords of trene, puychagut, epernon and buch. it is best known in connexion with the famous soldier, jean de grailly, captal of bush (d. 1376), the \"captal de buch\" _par excellence_, immortalized by froissart as the confidant of the black prince and the champion of the english cause against france. his active part in the war began in 1364, when he ravaged the country between paris and rouen, but was beaten by bertrand du guesclin at cocherel and taken prisoner. released next year, he received the seigniory of nemours and took the oath of fealty to the french king, charles v., but soon resigned his new fief and returned to his allegiance to the english king. in 1367 he took part in the battle of navarette, in which du guesclin was taken prisoner, the captal being entrusted with his safe-keeping. in 1371 jean de grailly was appointed constable of aquitaine, but was taken prisoner next year and interned in the temple at paris where, resisting all the tempting offers of the french king, he remained till his death five years later. caption (lat. _captio_, a taking or catching), a term still used in law, especially scots, for arrest or apprehension. from the obsolete sense of a catching at any possible plea or objection comes the adjective \"captious,\" i.e. sophistical or fault-finding. the term also has an old legal use, to signify the part of an indictment, &c., which shows where, when and by what authority it is taken, found or executed; so its opening or heading. from this is derived the modern sense of the heading of an article in a book or newspaper. captive (from lat. _capere_, to take), one who is captured in warfare. as a term of international law, it has been displaced by that of \"prisoner of war.\" the position and treatment of captives or prisoners of war is now dealt with fully in chapter ii. of the regulations annexed to the hague convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land, of the 18th of october 1907. see peace conference and war; also sir t. barclay, supplement to _problems of international practice and diplomacy_, for comparison of texts of 1899 and 1907. capture (from lat. _capere_, to take; fr. _prise maritime_; ger. _wegnahme_), in international law, the taking possession by a belligerent vessel of an enemy or neutral merchant or non-fighting ship. if an enemy ship is captured she becomes forthwith lawful prize (q.v.); when a neutral ship, the belligerent commander, in case her papers are not conclusive, has a right to search her. if he finds contraband on board or the papers or cargo or circumstances excite any serious suspicion in his mind, which the master of the ship has been unable to dispel, he places an officer and a few of his crew on board and sends her to the nearest port where there is a prize court for trial. the word is also used for the vessel thus captured (see blockade, contraband). (t. ba.) capua (anc. _casilinum_), a town and archiepiscopal see of campania, italy, in the province of caserta, 7 m. w. by rail from the town of caserta. pop. (1901) 14,285. it was erected in 856 by bishop landulf on the site of casilinum (q.v.) after the destruction of the ancient capua by the saracens in 840, but it only occupies the site of the original pre-roman town on the left (south) bank of the river. the cathedral of s. stefano, erected in 856, has a handsome atrium and a lofty lombard campanile, and a (modernized) interior with three aisles; both it and the atrium have ancient granite columns. the romanesque crypt, with ancient columns, has also been restored. it has a fine paschal candlestick, and the fragments of a pulpit with marble mosaic of the 13th century. there are also preserved in the cathedral a fine exultet roll and an _evangelarium_ of the end of the 12th century, bound in bronze decorated with gold filigree and enamels. the mosaics of the beginning of the 12th century in the apses of the cathedral and of s. benedetto, were destroyed about 1720 and 1620 respectively. the small church of s. marcello was also built in 856. in 1232-1240 frederick ii. erected a castle to guard the roman bridge over the volturno, composed of a triumphal arch with two towers. this was demolished in 1557. the statues with which it was decorated were contemporary imitations of classical sculptures. some of them are still preserved in the museo campano (e. bertaux, _l'art dans l'italie meridionale_, paris, 1904, i. 707). the museo campano also contains a considerable collection of antiquities from the ancient capua. capua changed hands frequently during the middle ages. one of the most memorable facts in its history is the terrible attack made on it in 1501 by caesar borgia, who had entered the town by treachery, in which 5000 lives were sacrificed. it remained a part of the kingdom of naples until the 2nd of november 1860, when, a month after the battle of the volturno, it surrendered to the italian troops. (t. as.) capua (mod. _s. maria di capua vetere_), the chief ancient city of campania, and one of the most important towns of ancient italy, situated 16 m. n. of neapolis, on the n.e. edge of the campanian plain. its site in a position not naturally defensible, together with the regularity of its plan, indicates that it is not a very ancient town, though it very likely occupies the site of an early oscan settlement. its foundation is attributed by cato to the etruscans, and the date given as about 260 years before it was \"taken\" by rome (vell. i. 7). if this be referred, not to its capture in the second punic war (211 b.c.) but to its submission to rome in 338 b.c., we get about 600 b.c. as the date of its foundation, a period at which the etruscan power was at its highest, and which may perhaps, therefore, be accepted.[1] the origin of the name is probably _campus_, a plain,[2] as the adjective _campanus_ shows, _capuanus_ being a later form stigmatized as incorrect by varro (_de l.l._ x. 16). the derivation from [greek: kapys] (a vulture, latinized into _volturnum_ by some authorities who tell us that this was the original name), and that from _caput_ (as though the name had been given it as the \"head\" of the twelve etruscan cities of campania), must be rejected. the etruscan supremacy in campania came to an end with the samnite invasion in the latter half of the 5th century b.c. (see campania); these conquerors, however, entered into alliance with rome for protection against the samnite mountain tribes, and with capua came the dependent communities casilinum, calatia, atella, so that the greater part of campania now fell under roman supremacy. the citizens received the _civitas sine suffragio_. in the second samnite war they proved untrustworthy, so that the ager falernus on the right bank of the volturnus was taken from them and distributed among citizens of rome, the _tribus falerna_ being thus formed; and in 318 the powers of the native officials (_meddices_) were limited by the appointment of officials with the title _praefecti capuam cumas_ (taking their name from the most important towns of campania); these were at first mere deputies of the _praetor urbanus_, but after 123 b.c. were elected roman magistrates, four in number; they governed the whole of campania until the time of augustus, when they were abolished. in 312 b.c. capua was connected with rome by the construction of the via appia, the most important of the military highways of italy. the gate by which it left the servian walls of rome bore the name porta capena--perhaps the only case in which a gate in this enceinte bears the name of the place to which it led. at what time the via latina was prolonged to casilinum is doubtful (it is quite possible that it was done when capua fell under roman supremacy, i.e. before the construction of the via appia); it afforded a route only 6 m. longer, and the difficulties in connexion with its construction were much less; it also avoided the troublesome journey through the pomptine marshes (see t. ashby in _papers of the british school at rome_, i. 217, london, 1902). the importance of capua increased steadily during the 3rd century, and at the beginning of the second punic war it was considered to be only slightly behind rome and carthage themselves, and was able to furnish 30,000 infantry and 4000 cavalry. until after the defeat of cannae it remained faithful to rome, but, after a vain demand that one of the consuls should always be selected from it, it transferred its allegiance to hannibal, who made it his winter-quarters, with bad results to the _morale_ of his troops (see punic wars). after a long siege it was taken by the romans in 211 b.c. and severely punished; its magistrates and communal organization were abolished, the inhabitants losing their civic rights, and its territory became roman state domain. parts of it were sold in 205 and 199 b.c., another part was divided among the citizens of the new colonies of volturnum and liternum established near the coast in 194 b.c., but the greater portion of it was reserved to be let by the state. considerable difficulties occurred in preventing illegal encroachments by private persons, and it became necessary to buy a number of them out in 162 b.c. it was, after that period, let, not to large but to small proprietors. frequent attempts were made by the democratic leaders to divide the land among new settlers. brutus in 83 b.c. actually succeeded in establishing a colony, but it was soon dissolved; and cicero's speeches _de lege agraria_ were directed against a similar attempt by servilius rullus in 63 b.c. in the meantime the necessary organization of the inhabitants of this thickly-populated district was in a measure supplied by grouping them round important shrines, especially that of diana tifatina, in connexion with which a _pagus dianae_ existed, as we learn from many inscriptions; a _pagus herculaneus_ is also known. the town of capua belonged to none of these organizations, and was entirely dependent on the _praefecti_. it enjoyed great prosperity, however, owing to its spelt, which was worked into groats, wine, roses, spices, unguents, &c., and also owing to its manufactures, especially of bronze objects, of which both the elder cato and the elder pliny speak in the highest terms (_de agr._ 135; _hist. nat._ xxiv. 95). its luxury remained proverbial; and campania is especially spoken of as the home of gladiatorial combats. from the gladiatorial schools of campania came spartacus and his followers in 73 b.c. julius caesar as consul in 59 b.c. succeeded in carrying out the establishment of a colony in connexion with his agrarian law, and 20,000 roman citizens were settled in this territory. the number of colonists was increased by mark antony, augustus (who constructed an aqueduct from the mons tifata, and gave the town of capua estates in the district of cnossus in crete to the value of 12 million sesterces--l120,000), and nero. in the war of a.d. 69 it took the side of vitellius. under the later empire it is not often mentioned; but in the 4th century it was the seat of the _consularis campaniae_ and its chief town, though ausonius puts it behind mediolanum (milan) and aquileia in his _ordo nobilium urbium_. under constantine we hear of the foundation of a christian church in capua. in a.d. 456 it was taken and destroyed by genseric, but must have been soon rebuilt: it was, however, finally destroyed by the saracens in 840 and the church of s. maria maggiore, founded about 497, alone remained. it contains 52 ancient marble columns, but was modernized in 1766. the site was only occupied in the late middle ages by a village which has, however, outgrown the medieval capua in modern days. _remains_.--no pre-roman remains have been found within the town of capua itself, but important cemeteries have been discovered on all sides of it, the earliest of which go back to the 7th or 6th century b.c. the tombs are of various forms, partly chambers with frescoes on the walls, partly cubical blocks of peperino, hollowed out, with grooved lids. the objects found within them consist mainly of vases of bronze (many of them without feet, and with incised designs of etruscan style) and of clay, some of greek, some of local manufacture, and of paintings. on the east of the town, in the patturelli property, a temple has been discovered with oscan votive inscriptions, some of them inscribed upon terra-cotta tablets, others on _cippi_, while of a group of 150 tufa statuettes (representing a matron holding one or more children in her lap) three bore latin inscriptions of the early imperial period. the site of the town being in a perfectly flat plain, without natural defences, it was possible to lay it out regularly. its length from east to west is accurately determined by the fact that the via appia, which runs from north-west to south-east from casilinum to calatia, turns due east very soon after passing the so-called arco campano (a triumphal arch of good brickwork, once faced with marble, with three openings, erected in honour of some emperor unknown), and continues to run in this direction for 5413-1/2 english feet (= 6000 ancient oscan feet). the west gate was the porta romana; remains of the east gate (the name of which we do not know) have been found. this fact shows that the main street of the town was perfectly orientated, and that before the via appia was constructed, i.e. in all probability in pre-roman times. the width of the town from north to south cannot be so accurately determined as the line of the north and south walls is not known, though it can be approximately fixed by the absence of tombs (beloch fixes it at 4000 oscan feet = 3609 english feet), nor is it absolutely certain (though it is in the highest degree probable, for cicero praises its regular arrangement and fine streets) that the plan of the town was rectangular. within the town are remains of thermae on the north of the via appia and of a theatre opposite, on the south. the former consisted of a large crypto-porticus round three sides of a court, the south side being open to the road; it now lies under the prisons. beloch (see below) attributes this to the oscan period; but the construction as shown in labruzzi's drawing (v. 17)[3] is partly of brick-work and _opus reticulatum_, which may, of course, belong to a restoration. the stage of the theatre had its back to the road; labruzzi (v. 18) gives an interesting view of the _cavea_. it appears from inscriptions that it was erected after the time of augustus. other inscriptions, however, prove the existence of a theatre as early as 94 b.c., so that the existence of another elsewhere must be assumed. we know that the roman colony was divided into regions and possessed a capitolium, with a temple of jupiter, within the town, and that the market-place, for unguents especially, was called seplasia; we also hear of an _aedes alba_, probably the original senate house, which stood in an open space known as _albana_. but the sites of all these are quite uncertain. outside the town on the north is the amphitheatre, built in the time of augustus, restored by hadrian and dedicated by antoninus pius, as the inscription over the main entrance recorded. the exterior was formed by 80 doric arcades of four storeys each, but only two arches now remain. the keystones were adorned with heads of divinities. the interior is better preserved; beneath the arena are subterranean passages like those in the amphitheatre at puteoli. it is one of the largest in existence; the longer diameter is 185 yds., the shorter 152, and the arena measures 83 by 49 yds., the corresponding dimensions in the colosseum at rome being 205, 170, 93 and 58 yds. to the east are considerable remains of baths--a large octagonal building, an apse against which the church of s. maria delle grazie is built, and several heaps of debris. on the via appia, to the south-east of the east gate of the town, are two large and well-preserved tombs of the roman period, known as _le carceri vecchie_ and _la conocchia_. to the east of the amphitheatre an ancient road, the via dianae, leads north to the pagus dianae, on the west slopes of the mons tifata, a community which sprang up round the famous and ancient temple of diana, and probably received an independent organization after the abolition of that of capua in 211 b.c. the place often served as a base for attacks on the latter, and sulla, after his defeat of c. norbanus, gave the whole of the mountain to the temple. within the territory of the _pagus_ were several other temples with their _magistri_. after the restoration of the community of capua, we find _magistri_ of the temple of diana still existing, but they were probably officials of capua itself. the site is occupied by the benedictine church of s. angelo in formis[4] which dates from 944, and was reconstructed by the abbot desiderius (afterwards pope victor iii.) of monte cassino in 1073, with interesting paintings, dating from the end of the 11th century to the middle of the 12th, in which five different styles may be distinguished. they form a complete representation of all the chief episodes of the new testament (see f.x. kraus, _jahrbuch d. k. preuss. kunstsammlungen_, xiv.). deposits of votive objects (_favissae_), removed from the ancient temple from time to time as new ones came in and occupied all the available space, have been found, and considerable remains of buildings belonging to the vicus dianae (among them a triumphal arch and some baths, also a hall with frescoes, representing the goddess herself ready for the chase) still exist. the ancient road from capua went on beyond the vicus dianae to the volturnus (remains of the bridge still exist) and then turned east along the river valley to caiatia and telesia. other roads ran to puteoli and cumae (the so-called via campana) and to neapolis, and as we have seen the via appia passed through capua, which was thus the most important road centre of campania (q.v.). see th. mommsen in _corpus inscrip. lat_. x. (berlin, 1883), p. 365 seq.; j. beloch, _campanien_ (breslau, 1890), 295 seq.; ch. hulsen in pauly-wissowa, _realencyclopadie_ (stuttgart, 1899), iii. 1555. (t. as.) footnotes: [1] g. patroni, in _atti del congresso internazionale di scienze storiche_ (rome, 1904), v. 217, is inclined to place it considerably earlier. [2] livy iv. 37, \"vulturnum etruscorum urbem quae nunc capua est, ab samnitibus captam (425 b.c.) capuamque ab duce eorum capye, vel, quod propius vero est, a campestri agro appellatam.\" [3] for these drawings see t. ashby, \"dessins inedits de carlo labruzzi,\" in _melanges de l'ecole francaise_, 1903, 414. [4] the name comes from the aqueduct (_forma_) erected by augustus for the supply of capua, remains of which still exist.",
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        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}