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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cancrin:ebf7b3188b0e",
    "title": "CANCRIN",
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    "verified_text": "cancrin, franz ludwig von (1738-1812), german mineralogist and metallurgist, was born on the 21st of february 1738, at breitenbach, hesse-darmstadt. in 1764 he entered the service of the landgrave of hesse-darmstadt at hanau, becoming professor of mathematics at the military academy, head of the civil engineering department of the state, director of the theatre and (1774) of the mint. a work on the copper mines of hesse (1767) earned him a european reputation, and in 1783 he accepted from catherine ii. of russia the directorship of the famous staraya salt-works, living thenceforth in russia. in 1798 he became a councillor of state at st petersburg. he published many works on mineralogy and metallurgy, of which the most important, the _grundzuge der berg- und salzwerkskunde_ (13 vols., frankfort, 1773-1791), has been translated into several languages. his son, count georg von cancrin, or kankrin (1774-1845), was the eminent russian minister of finance. candelabrum (from lat. _candela_, a taper or candle), the stand on which ancient lamps were placed. the most ancient example is the bronze candelabrum made by callimachus for the erechtheum at athens, to carry the lamp sacred to minerva. in this case it is probable the lamp was suspended, as in the example from pompeii, now in the naples museum; this consisted of a stalk or reed, the upper part moulded with projecting feature to carry the lamps, and a base resting on three lions' or griffins' feet; sometimes there was a disk at the top to carry a lamp, and sometimes there was a hollow cup, in which resinous woods were burnt. the origin of the term suggests that on the top of the disk was a spike to carry a wax or tallow candle (_candela_ or _funalia_). besides these bronze candelabra, of which there are many varieties in museums, the romans used more ponderous supports in stone or marble, of which many examples were found in the thermae. these consisted of a base, often triangular, and of similar design to the small sacrificial altars, and a shaft either richly moulded or carved with the acanthus plant and crowned with a large cup or basin. there is a fine example of the latter in the vatican. the roman examples seem to have served as models for many of the candelabra in the churches in italy. the word \"candelabrum\" is also now used to describe many different forms of lighting with multiple points, and is often applied to hanging lights as well as to those which rise from a stand.",
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