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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:cameo:e30e60d6c658",
    "title": "CAMEO",
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    "verified_text": "cameo, a term of doubtful origin, applied in the first instance to engraved work executed in relief on hard or precious stones. it is also applied to imitations of such stones in glass, called \"pastes,\" or on the shells of molluscous animals. a cameo is therefore the converse of an intaglio, which consists of an incised or sunk engraving in the same class of materials. for the history of this branch of art, and for an account of some of its most remarkable examples, see gem. the origin of the word is doubtful and has been a matter of copious controversy. the _new english dictionary_ quotes its use in a sarum inventory of 1222, _\"lapis unus cameu\"_ and _\"magnus camehu.\"_ the word is in current use in the 13th century. thus matthew paris, in his life of abbot leofric of st albans, in the _abbatum s. albani vitae,_ says: _\"retentis quibusdam nobilibus lapidibus insculptis, quos camaeos vulgariter appellamus.\"_ in variant forms the word has found its way into most languages, e.g. latin, _camahutus, camahelus, camaynus_; italian, _chammeo, chameo_; french, _camahieu, chemahou, camaut, camaieu_. the following may be mentioned among the derivations that have been proposed:--von hammer: _camaut_, the hump of a camel; littre and others: _camateum_, an assumed low latin form from [greek: kamateuein] and [greek: kamaton]; chabouillet and babelon: [greek: keimaelia], treasures, connecting the word in particular with the dispersion of treasures from constantinople, in 1204; king: arabic _camea_, an amulet. for a bibliography of the question, see babelon, _cat. des camees ... de la bibliotheque nationale_, p. iv. camera (a latin adaptation of gr. [greek: kamara], an arched chamber), in law, a word applied at one time to the english judges' chambers in serjeants' inn, as distinct from their bench in westminster hall. it was afterwards applied to the judges' private room behind the court, and, hence, in the phrase _in camera_, to cases heard in private, i.e. in chambers. so far as criminal cases are concerned, the courts have no power to hear them in private, nor have they any power to order adults (men or women) out of court during the hearing. in civil proceedings at common law, it may also be laid down that the public cannot be excluded from the court; in _malan_ v. _young_, 1889, 6 t.l.r. 68, mr justice denman held that he had power to hear the case _in camera_, but he afterwards stated that there was considerable doubt among the judges as to the power to hear cases _in camera_, even by consent, and the case was, by consent of the parties, finally proceeded with before the judge _as arbitrator_. in the court of chancery it is the practice to hear in private cases affecting wards of the court and lunatics, family disputes (by consent), and cases where a public trial would defeat the object of the action (_andrew_ v. _raeburn_, 1874, l.r. 9 ch. 522). in an action for infringement of a patent for a chemical process the defendant was allowed to state a secret process _in camera (badische anilin und soda fabrik_ v. _gillman_, 1883, 24 ch. d. 156). the court of appeal has decided that it has power to sit in private; in _mellor_ v. _thompson_, 1885, 31 ch. d. 55, it was stated that a public hearing would defeat the object of the action, and render the respondent's success in the appeal useless. in matrimonial causes, the divorce court, following the practice of the ecclesiastical courts under the provisions of the matrimonial causes act 1857, s. 22, hears suits for nullity of marriage on physical grounds _in camera_, but not petitions for dissolution of marriage, which must be heard in open court. it was also decided in _druce_ v. _druce_, 1903, 19 t.l.r. 387, that, in cases for judicial separation the court has jurisdiction to hear the case _in camera_, where it is satisfied that justice cannot be done by hearing the case in public.",
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