CALYPSO

calypso, in greek mythology, daughter of atlas (or oceanus, or nereus), queen of the mythical island of ogygia. when odysseus was shipwrecked on her shores, calypso entertained the hero with great hospitality, and prevailed on him to remain with her seven years. odysseus was then seized with a longing to return to his wife and home; calypso's promise of eternal youth failed to induce him to stay, and hermes was sent by zeus to bid her release him. when he set sail, calypso died of grief. (homer, _odyssey_, i. 50, v. 28, vii. 254; apollodorus i. 2, 7.) cam (cao), diogo (fl. 1480-1486), portuguese discoverer, the first european known to sight and enter the congo, and to explore the west african coast between cape st catherine (2°s.) and cape cross (21° 50' s.) almost from the equator to walfish bay. when king john ii. of portugal revived the work of henry the navigator, he sent out cam (about midsummer (?) 1482) to open up the african coast still further beyond the equator. the mouth of the congo was now discovered (perhaps in august 1482), and marked by a stone pillar (still existing, but only in fragments) erected on shark point; the great river was also ascended for a short distance, and intercourse was opened with the natives. cam then coasted down along the present angola (portuguese west africa), and erected a second pillar, probably marking the termination of this voyage, at cape santa maria (the monte negro of these first visitors) in 13° 26' s. he certainly returned to lisbon by the beginning of april 1484, when john ii. ennobled him, made him a _cavalleiro_ of his household (he was already an _escudeiro_ or esquire in the same), and granted him an annuity and a coat of arms (8th and 14th of april 1484). that cam, on his second voyage of 1483-1486, was accompanied by martin behaim (as alleged on the latter's nuremberg globe of 1492) is very doubtful; but we know that the explorer revisited the congo and erected two more pillars beyond the furthest of his previous voyage, the first at another "monte negro" in 15° 41' s., the second at cape cross in 21° 50', this last probably marking the end of his progress southward. according to one authority (a legend on the 1489 map of henricus martellus germanus), cam died off cape cross; but joao de barros and others make him return to the congo, and take thence a native envoy to portugal. the four pillars set up by cam on his two voyages have all been discovered _in situ_, and the inscriptions on two of them from cape santa maria and cape cross, dated 1482 and 1485 respectively, are still to be read and have been printed; the cape cross padrao is now at kiel (replaced on the spot by a granite facsimile); those from the congo estuary and the more southerly monte negro are in the museum of the lisbon geographical society. see barros, _decadas da asia_, decade i. bk. iii., esp. ch. 3; ruy de pina, _chronica d' el rei d. joao ii._; garcia de resende, _chronica_; luciano cordeiro, "diogo cao" in _boletim_ of the _lisbon geog. soc._, 1892; e.g. ravenstein, "voyages of diogo cao," &c., in _geog. jnl._ vol. xvi. (1900); also _geog. jnl._ xxxi. (1908). (c. r. b.)