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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:callirrhoe:9c65852e95e8",
    "title": "CALLIRRHOE",
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    "verified_text": "callirrhoe, in greek legend, second daughter of the river-god achelous and wife of alcmaeon (q.v.). at her earnest request her husband induced phegeus, king of psophis in arcadia, and the father of his first wife arsinoe (or alphesiboea), to hand over to him the necklace and peplus (robe) of harmonia (q.v.), that he might dedicate them at delphi to complete the cure of his madness. when phegeus discovered that they were really meant for callirrhoe, he gave orders for alcmaeon to be waylaid and killed (apollodorus iii. 7, 2. 5-7; thucydides ii. 102). callirrhoe now implored the gods that her two young sons might grow to manhood at once and avenge their father's death. this was granted, and her sons amphoterus and acarnan slew phegeus with his two sons, and returning with the necklace and peplus dedicated them at delphi (ovid, _metam._ ix. 413). callisthenes (_c._ 360-328 b.c.), of olynthus, greek historian, a relative and pupil of aristotle, through whose recommendation he was appointed to attend alexander the great in his asiatic expedition. he censured alexander's adoption of oriental customs, inveighing especially against the servile ceremony of adoration. having thereby greatly offended the king, he was accused of being privy to a treasonable conspiracy and thrown into prison, where he died from torture or disease. his melancholy end was commemorated in a special treatise ([greek: kallisthenaes ae peri penthous]) by his friend theophrastus, whose acquaintance he made during a visit to athens. callisthenes wrote an account of alexander's expedition, a history of greece from the peace of antalcidas (387) to the phocian war (357), a history of the phocian war and other works, all of which have perished. the romantic life of alexander, the basis of all the alexander legends of the middle ages, originated during the time of the ptolemies, but in its present form belongs to the 3rd century a.d. its author is usually known as pseudo-callisthenes, although, in the latin translation by julius valerius alexander polemius (beginning of the 4th century) it is ascribed to a certain aesopus; aristotle, antisthenes, onesicritus and arrian have also been credited with the authorship. there are also syrian, armenian and slavonic versions, in addition to four greek versions (two in prose and two in verse) in the middle ages (see krumbacher, _geschichte der byzantinischen litteratur_, 1897, p. 849). valerius's translation was completely superseded by that of leo, arch-priest of naples in the 10th century, the so-called _historia de preliis_. see _scriptores rerum alexandri magni_ (by c.w. muller, in the didot edition of arrian, 1846), containing the genuine fragments and the text of the pseudo-callisthenes, with notes and introduction; a. westermann, _de callisthene olynthio et pseudo-callisthene commentatio_ (1838-1842); j. zacher, _pseudo-callisthenes_ (1867); w. christ, _geschichte der griechischen litteratur_ (1898), pp. 363, 819; article by edward meyer in ersch and gruber's _allgemeine encyklopadie_; a. ausfeld, _zur kritik des griechischen alexanderromans_ (bruchsal, 1894); plutarch, _alexander_, 52-55; arrian, _anab_. iv. 10-14; diog. laertius v. i; quintus curtius viii. 5-8; suidas _s.v._ see also alexander the great (_ad fin._). for the latin translations see teuffel-schwabe, _hist. of roman literature_ (eng, trans.), § 399; and m. schanz, _geschichte der romischen litteratur_, iv. i., p. 43.",
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