CALDER

calder, an ancient district of midlothian, scotland. it has been divided into the parishes of mid-calder (pop. in 1901 3132) and west-calder (pop. 8092), east-calder belonging to the parish of kirknewton (pop. 3221). the whole locality owes much of its commercial importance and prosperity to the enormous development of the mineral oil industry. coal-mining is also extensively pursued, sandstone and limestone are worked, and paper-mills flourish. mid-calder, a town on the almond (pop. 703), has an ancient church, and john spottiswood (1510-1585), the scottish reformer, was for many years minister. his sons--john, archbishop of st andrews, and james (1567-1645), bishop of clogher--were both born at mid-calder. west-calder is situated on breich water, an affluent of the almond, 151⁄2 m. s.w. of edinburgh by the caledonian railway, and is the chief centre of the district. pop. (1901) 2652. at addiewell, about 11⁄2 m. s.w., the manufacture of ammonia, naphtha, paraffin oil and candles is carried on, the village practically dating from 1866, and having in 1901 a population of 1591. the highland and agricultural society have an experimental farm at pumpherston (pop. 1462). the district contains several tumuli, old ruined castles and a roman camp in fair preservation. calderon, rodrigo (d. 1621), count of oliva and marques de las siete