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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:caird:8f057c4f86b1",
    "title": "CAIRD",
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    "verified_text": "caird, john (1820-1898), scottish divine and philosopher, was born at greenock on the 15th of december 1820. in his sixteenth year he entered the office of his father, who was partner and manager of a firm of engineers. two years later, however, he obtained leave to continue his studies at glasgow university. after a year of academic life he tried business again, but in 1840 he gave it up finally and returned to college. in 1845 he entered the ministry of the church of scotland, and after holding several livings accepted the chair of divinity at glasgow in 1862. during these years he won a foremost place among the preachers of scotland. in theology he was a broad churchman, seeking always to emphasize the permanent elements in religion, and ignoring technicalities. in 1873 he was appointed vice-chancellor and principal of glasgow university. he delivered the gifford lectures in 1892-1893 and in 1895-1896. his _introduction to the philosophy of religion_ (1880) is an attempt to show the essential rationality of religion. it is idealistic in character, being in fact a reproduction of hegelian teaching in clear and melodious language. his argument for the being of god is based on the hypothesis that thought--not individual but universal--is the reality of all things, the existence of this infinite thought being demonstrated by the limitations of finite thought. again his gifford lectures are devoted to the proof of the truth of christianity on grounds of right reason alone. caird wrote also an excellent study of spinoza, in which he showed the latent hegelianism of the great jewish philosopher. he died on the 30th of july 1898. cairn (in gaelic and welsh, _carn_), a heap of stones piled up in a conical form. in modern times cairns are often erected as landmarks. in ancient times they were erected as sepulchral monuments. the _duan eireanach_, an ancient irish poem, describes the erection of a family cairn; and the _senchus mor_, a collection of ancient irish laws, prescribes a fine of three three-year-old heifers for \"not erecting the tomb of thy chief.\" meetings of the tribes were held at them, and the inauguration of a new chief took place on the cairn of one of his predecessors. it is mentioned in the _annals of the four masters_ that, in 1225, the o'connor was inaugurated on the cairn of fraech, the son of fiodhach of the red hair. in medieval times cairns are often referred to as boundary marks, though probably not originally raised for that purpose. in a charter by king alexander ii. (1221), granting the lands of burgyn to the monks of kinloss, the boundary is described as passing \"from the great oak in malevin as far as the _rune pictorum_,\" which is explained as \"the carne of the pecht's fieldis.\" in highland districts small cairns used to be erected, even in recent times, at places where the coffin of a distinguished person was \"rested\" on its way to the churchyard. memorial cairns are still occasionally erected, as, for instance, the cairn raised in memory of the prince consort at balmoral, and \"maule's cairn,\" in glenesk, erected by the earl of dalhousie in 1866, in memory of himself and certain friends specified by name in the inscription placed upon it. (see barrow.)",
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