{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:breal:8e5bc6fb56df",
    "title": "BREAL",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "d9afdd32cbfaeb8bbae52ba63f965eb14016b6a1e4e6deea0d89ffce0e62607b",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "breal, michel jules alfred (1832- ), french philologist, was born on the 26th of march 1832, at landau in rhenish bavaria, of french parents. after studying at weissenburg, metz and paris, he entered the ecole normale in 1852. in 1857 he went to berlin, where he studied sanskrit under bopp and weber. on his return to france he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental mss. at the bibliotheque imperiale. in 1864 he became professor of comparative grammar at the college de france, in 1875 member of the academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, in 1879 _inspecteur-general_ of public instruction for higher schools until the abolition of the office in 1888. in 1890 he was made commander of the legion of honour. among his works, which deal mainly with mythological and philological subjects, may be mentioned: _l'etude des origines de la religion zoroastrienne_ (1862), for which a prize was awarded him by the academie des inscriptions; _hercule et cacus_ (1863), in which he disputes the principles of the symbolic school in the interpretation of myths; _le mythe d'oedipe_ (1864); _les tables eugubines_ (1875); _melanges de mythologie et de linguistique_ (2nd. ed., 1882); _lecons de mots_ (1882,1886), _dictionnaire etymologique latin_ (1885) and _grammaire latine_ (1890). his _essai de semantique_ (1897), on the signification of words, has been translated into english by mrs h. cust with preface by j.p. postgate. his translation of bopp's _comparative grammar_ (1866-1874), with introductions, is highly valued. he has also written pamphlets on education in france, the teaching of ancient languages, and the reform of french orthography. in 1906 he published _pour mieux connaitre homere_. bream (_abramis_), a fish of the cyprinid family, characterized by a deep, strongly compressed body, with short dorsal and long anal fins, the latter with more than sixteen branched rays, and the small inferior mouth. there are two species in the british isles, the common bream, _a. brama_, reaching a length of 2 ft. and a weight of 12 lb., and the white bream or bream flat, _a. blicca_, a smaller and, in most places, rarer species. both occur in slow-running rivers, canals, ponds and reservoirs. bream are usually despised for the table in england, but fish from large lakes, if well prepared, are by no means deserving of ostracism. in the days of medieval abbeys, when the provident cistercian monks attached great importance to pond culture, they gave the first place to the tench and bream, the carp still being unknown in the greater part of europe. at the present day, the poorer jews in large english cities make a great consumption of bream--and other cyprinids, most of them being imported alive from holland and sold in the jewish fish markets. in america the name bream is commonly given to the golden shiner minnow (_abramis chrysoleucus_), to the pumpkin-seed sunfish (_eupomotis gibbosus_), and to some kinds of porgy (_sparidae_). breast (a word common to teutonic languages, of the ger. _brust_, possibly connected with an o. sax. _brustian_, to bud), the term properly confined to the external projecting parts of the thorax in females, which contain the mammary glands (for anatomy, and diseases, see mammary gland); more generally it is used of the external part of the thorax in animals, including man, lying between the neck and the abdomen.",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:42:39",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "d9afdd32cbfaeb8bbae52ba63f965eb14016b6a1e4e6deea0d89ffce0e62607b"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "goguides_data_license": "https://www.goguides.com/data-license",
    "goguides_data_license_version": "2.0",
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}