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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bowles:246efbef49c9",
    "title": "BOWLES",
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    "verified_text": "bowles, samuel (1826-1878), american journalist, was born in springfield, massachusetts, on the 9th of february 1826. he was the son of samuel bowles (1779-1851) of the same city, who had established the weekly _springfield republican_ in 1824. the daily issue was begun in 1844, as an evening newspaper, afterwards becoming a morning journal. to its service samuel bowles, junior, devoted his life (with the exception of a brief period during which he was in charge of a daily in boston), and he gave the paper a national reputation by the vigour, incisiveness and independence of its editorial utterances, and the concise and convenient arrangement of its local and general news-matter. during the controversies affecting slavery and resulting in the civil war, bowles supported, in general, the whig and republican parties, but in the period of reconstruction under president grant his paper represented anti-administration or \"liberal republican\" opinions, while in the disputed election of 1876 it favoured the claims of tilden, and subsequently became independent in politics. bowles died at springfield on the 16th of january 1878. during his lifetime, and subsequently, the _republican_ office was a sort of school for young journalists, especially in the matter of pungency and conciseness of style, one of his maxims being \"put it all in the first paragraph.\" bowles published two books of travel, _across the continent_ (1865) and _the switzerland of america_ (1869), which were combined into one volume under the title _our new west_ (1869). he was succeeded as publisher and editor-in-chief of the _republican_ by his son samuel bowles (b. 1851). a eulogistic _life and times of samuel bowles_ (2 vols., new york, 1885), by george s. merriam, is virtually a history of american political movements after the compromise of 1850.",
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