{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:bottiger:a11eb4da24d9",
    "title": "BOTTIGER",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "dd13e59c227f5c42fd5c12c88382c7cfb55b03397b5192e51e4822632354a3e4",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "bottiger, karl august (1760-1835), german archaeologist, was born at reichenbach on the 8th of june 1760. he was educated at the school of pforta, and the university of leipzig. after holding minor educational posts, he obtained in 1791, through the influence of herder, the appointment of rector of the gymnasium at weimar, where he entered into a circle of literary men, including wieland, schiller, and goethe. he published in 1803 a learned work, _sabina, oder morgenszenen im putzzimmer einer reichen romerin_, a description of a wealthy roman lady's toilette, and a work on ancient art, _griechische vasengemalde_. at the same time he assisted in editing the _journal des luxus und der moden_, the _deutsche merkur_, and the _london and paris_. in 1804 he was called to dresden as superintendent of the studies of the court pages, and received the rank of privy councillor. in 1814 he was made director of studies at the court academy, and inspector of the museum of antiquities. he died at dresden on the 17th of november 1835. his chief works are:--_ideen zur archaologie der malerei_, i. (1811) (no more published); _kunstmythologie_ (1811); _vorlesungen und aufsatze zur alterthumskunde_ (1817); _amalthea_ (1821-1825); _ideen zur kunstmythologie_ (1826-1836). the _opuscula et carmina latina_ were published separately in 1837; with a collection of his smaller pieces, _kleine schriften_ (1837-1838), including a complete list of his works (56 pages). his biography was written by his son karl wilhelm bottiger (1790-1862), for some time professor of history at erlangen, and author of several valuable histories (_history of germany_, _history of saxony_, _history of bavaria_, _universal history of biographies_). bottle (fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the lat. _butta_, a flask; cf. eng. \"butt\"), a vessel for containing liquids, generally as opposed to one for drinking from (though this probably is not excluded), and with a narrow neck to facilitate closing and pouring. the first bottles were probably made of the skins of animals. in the _iliad_ (iii. 247) the attendants are represented as bearing wine for use in a bottle made of goat's skin. the ancient egyptians used skins for this purpose, and from the language employed by herodotus (ii. 121), it appears that a bottle was formed by sewing up the skin and leaving the projection of the leg and foot to serve as a vent, which was hence termed [greek: podeon]. the aperture was closed with a plug or a string. skin bottles of various forms occur on egyptian monuments. the greeks and romans also were accustomed to use bottles made of skins; and in the southern parts europe they are still used for the transport of wine. the first of explicit reference to bottles of skin in scripture occurs in joshua (ix. 4), where it is said that the gibeonites took \"old sacks upon their asses, and wine-bottles _old and rent and bound up_.\" the objection to putting \"new wine into old bottles\" (matt. ix. 17) is that the skin, already stretched and weakened by use, is liable to burst under the pressure of the gas from new wine. skins are still most extensively used throughout western asia for the conveyance and storage of water. it is an error to represent the bottles of the ancient hebrews as being made exclusively of skins. in jer. xix. 1 the prophet speaks of \"a potter's earthen vessel.\" the egyptians (see egypt: _art and archaeology_) possessed vases and bottles of hard stone, alabaster, glass, ivory, bone, porcelain, bronze, silver and gold, and also of glazed pottery or common earthenware. in modern times bottles are usually made of glass (q.v.), or occasionally of earthenware. the glass bottle industry has attained enormous dimensions, whether for wine, beer, &c., or mineral waters; and labour-saving machinery for filling the bottles has been introduced, as well as for corking or stoppering, for labelling and for washing them. [illustration: roman skin bottles, from specimens at pompeii and herculaneum.]",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:42:38",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "dd13e59c227f5c42fd5c12c88382c7cfb55b03397b5192e51e4822632354a3e4"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "goguides_data_license": "https://www.goguides.com/data-license",
    "goguides_data_license_version": "2.0",
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}