BOTTA

botta, carlo giuseppe guglielmo (1766-1837), italian historian, was born at san giorgio canavese in piedmont. he studied medicine at the university of turin, and obtained his doctor's degree when about twenty years of age. having rendered himself obnoxious to the government during the political commotions that followed the french revolution, he was imprisoned for over a year; and on his release in 1795 he withdrew to france, only to return to his native country as a surgeon in the french army, whose progress he followed as far as venice. here he joined the expedition to corfu, from which he did not return to italy till 1798. at first he favoured french policy in italy, contributed to the annexation of piedmont by france in 1799, and was an admirer of napoleon; but he afterwards changed his views, realizing the necessity for the union of all italians and for their freedom from foreign control. after the separation of piedmont from france in 1814 he retired into private life, but, fearing persecution at home, became a french citizen. in 1817 he was appointed rector of the university of rouen, but in 1822 was removed owing to clerical influence. amid all the vicissitudes of his early manhood botta had never allowed his pen to be long idle, and in the political quiet that followed 1816 he naturally devoted himself more exclusively to literature. in 1824 he published a history of italy from 1789 to 1814 (4 vols.), on which his fame principally rests; he himself had been an eyewitness of many of the events described. his continuation of guicciardini, which he was afterwards encouraged to undertake, is a careful and laborious work, but is not based on original authorities and is of small value. though living in paris he was in both these works the ardent exponent of that recoil against everything french which took place throughout europe. a careful exclusion of all gallicisms, as a reaction against the french influences of the day, is one of the marked features of his style, which is not infrequently impassioned and eloquent, though at the same time cumbrous, involved and ornate. botta died at paris in august 1837, in comparative poverty, but in the enjoyment of an extensive and well-earned reputation. his son, paul emile botta (1802-1870), was a distinguished traveller and assyrian archaeologist, whose excavations at khorsabad (1843) were among the first efforts in the line of investigation afterwards pursued by layard. the works of carlo botta are _storia naturale e medica dell' isola di corfu_ (1798); an italian translation of born's _joannis physiophili specimen monachologiae_ (1801); _souvenirs d'un voyage en dalmatie_ (1802); _storia della guerra dell' independenza d'america_ (1809); _camillo_, a poem (1815); _storia d'italia dal 1789 al 1814_ (1824, new ed., prato, 1862); _storia d'ltalia in continuazione al guicciardini_ (1832, new ed., milan, 1878). see c. dionisiotti, _vita di carlo botta_ (turin, 1867); c. pavesio, _carlo botta e le sue opere storiche_ (florence, 1874); scipione botta, _vita privata di carlo botta_ (florence, 1877); a. d'ancona c o. bacci, _manuela della letteratura italiana_ (florence, 1894), vol. v. pp. 245 seq.