BOSQUET

bosquet, pierre francois joseph (1810-1861), french marshal, entered the artillery in 1833, and a year later went to algeria. here he soon did good service, and made himself remarkable not only for technical skill but the moral qualities indispensable for high command. becoming captain in 1839, he greatly distinguished himself at the actions of sidi-lakhdar and oued-melah. he was soon afterwards given the command of a battalion of native _tirailleurs_, and in 1843 was thanked in general orders for his brilliant work against the flittahs. in 1845 he became lieutenant-colonel, and in 1847 colonel of a french line regiment. in the following year he was in charge of the oran district, where his swift suppression of an insurrection won him further promotion to the grade of general of brigade, in which rank he went through the campaign of kabulia, receiving a severe wound. in 1853 he returned to france after nineteen years' absence, a general of division. bosquet was amongst the earliest chosen to serve in the crimean war, and at the battle of the alma his division led the french attack. when the anglo-french troops formed the siege of sevastopol, bosquet's corps of two divisions protected them against interruption. his timely intervention at inkerman (november 5, 1854) secured the victory for the allies. during 1855 bosquet's corps occupied the right wing of the besieging armies opposite the mamelon and malakov. he himself led his corps at the storming of the mamelon (june 7), and at the grand assault of the 8th of september he was in command of the whole of the storming troops. in the struggle for the malakov he received another serious wound. at the age of forty-five bosquet, now one of the foremost soldiers in europe, became a senator and a marshal of france, but his health was broken, and he lived only a few years longer. he had the grand cross of the bath, the grand cross of the legion of honour, and the medjidieh of the 1st class. boss. (1) (from the o. eng. _boce_, a swelling, cf. ital. _bozza_, and fr. _bosse_, possibly connected with the o. ger. _bozan_, to beat), a round protuberance; the projecting centre or "umbo" of a buckler; in geology a projection of rock through strata of another species; in architecture, the projecting keystone of the ribs of a vault which masks their junction; the term is also applied to similar projecting blocks at every intersection. the boss was often richly carved, generally with conventional foliage but sometimes with angels, animals or grotesque figures. the boss was also employed in the flat timber ceilings of the 15th century, where it formed the junction of cross-ribs. (2) (from the dutch _baas_, a word used by the dutch settlers in new york for "master," and so generally used by the kaffirs in south africa; connected with the ger. _base_, cousin, meaning a "chief kinsman," the head of a household or family), a colloquial term, first used in america, for an employer, a foreman, and generally any one who gives orders, especially in american political slang for the manager of a party organization.