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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bonifacio:0b62cf5341ef",
    "title": "BONIFACIO",
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    "verified_text": "bonifacio, a maritime town at the southern extremity of corsica, in the arrondissement of sartene, 87 m. s.s.e. of ajaccio by road. pop. (1906) 2940. bonifacio, which overlooks the straits of that name separating corsica from sardinia, occupies a remarkable situation on the summit of a peninsula of white calcareous rock, extending parallel to the coast and enclosing a narrow and secure harbour. below the town and in the cliffs facing it the rock is hollowed into caverns accessible only by boat. st dominic, a church built in the 13th century by the templars, and the cathedral of santa maria maggiore which belongs mainly to the 12th century, are the chief buildings. the fortifications and citadel date from the 16th and 17th centuries. a massive medieval tower serves as a powder-magazine. the trade of bonifacio, which is carried on chiefly with sardinia, is in cereals, wine, cork and olive-oil of fine quality. cork-cutting, tobacco-manufacture and coral-fishing are carried on. the olive is largely cultivated in the neighbourhood and there are oil-works in the town. bonifacio was founded about 828 by the tuscan marquis whose name it bears, as a defence against the saracen pirates. at the end of the 11th century it became subject to pisa, and at the end of the 12th was taken and colonized by the genoese, whose influence may be traced in the character of the population. in 1420 it heroically withstood a protracted siege by alphonso v. of aragon. in 1554 it fell into the hands of the franco-turkish army. bonifacius (d. 432), the roman governor of the province of africa who is generally believed to have invited the vandals into that province in revenge for the hostile action of placidia, ruling in behalf of her son the emperor valentinian iii. (428-429). that action is by procopius attributed to his rival aetius, but the earliest authorities speak of a certain felix, chief minister of placidia, as the calumniator of bonifacius. whether he really invited the vandals or not, there is no doubt that he soon turned against them and bravely defended the city of hippo from their attacks. in 432 he returned to italy, was received into favour by placidia, and appointed master of the soldiery. aetius, however, resented his promotion, the two rivals met, perhaps in single combat, and bonifacius, though victorious, received a wound from the effects of which he died three months later. the authorities for the extremely obscure and difficult history of these transactions are well discussed by e.a. freeman in an article in the _english historical review_, july 1887, to which the reader is referred. but compare also gibbon, _decline and fall of the roman empire_, vol. iii. pp. 505-506, edited by j.b. bury (london, 1897).",
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