BLEEK

bleek, friedrich (1793-1859), german biblical scholar, was born on the 4th of july 1793, at ahrensbok, in holstein, a village near lubeck. his father sent him in his sixteenth year to the gymnasium at lubeck, where he became so much interested in ancient languages that he abandoned his idea of a legal career and resolved to devote himself to the study of theology. after spending some time at the university of kiel, he went to berlin, where, from 1814 to 1817, he studied under de wette, neander and schleiermacher. so highly were his merits appreciated by his professors--schleiermacher was accustomed to say that he possessed a special _charisma_ for the science of "introduction"--that in 1818 after he had passed the examinations for entering the ministry he was recalled to berlin as _repetent_ or tutorial fellow in theology, a temporary post which the theological faculty had obtained for him. besides discharging his duties in the theological seminary, he published two dissertations in schleiermacher's and g.c.f. lucke's _journal_(1819-1820,1822), one on the origin and composition of the sibylline oracles "uber die entstehung und zusammensetzung der sibyllinischen orakel," and another on the authorship and design of the book of daniel, "uber verfasser und zweck des buches daniel." these articles attracted much attention, and were distinguished by those qualities of solid learning, thorough investigation and candour of judgment which characterized all his writings. bleek's merits as a rising scholar were recognized by the minister of public instruction, who continued his stipend as _repetent_ for a third year, and promised further advancement in due time. but the attitude of the political authority underwent a change. de wette was dismissed from his professorship in 1819, and bleek, a favourite pupil, incurred the suspicion of the government as an extreme democrat. not only was his stipend as _repetent_ discontinued, but his nomination to the office of professor extraordinarius, which had already been signed by the minister karl altenstein, was withheld. at length it was found that bleek had been confounded with a certain baueleven blech, and in 1823 he received the appointment. during the six years that bleek remained at berlin, he twice declined a call to the office of professor ordinarius of theology, once to greifswald and once to konigsberg. in 1829, however, he was induced to accept lucke's chair in the recently-founded university of bonn, and entered upon his duties there in the summer of the same year. for thirty years he laboured with ever-increasing success, due not to any attractions of manner or to the enunciation of novel or bizarre opinions, but to the soundness of his investigations, the impartiality of his judgments, and the clearness of his method. in 1843 he was raised to the office of consistorial councillor, and was selected by the university to hold the office of rector, a distinction which has not since been conferred upon any theologian of the reformed church. he died suddenly of apoplexy on the 27th of february 1859. bleek's works belong entirely to the departments of biblical criticism and exegesis. his views on questions of old testament criticism were "advanced" in his own day; for on all the disputed points concerning the unity and authorship of the books of the old covenant he was opposed to received opinion. but with respect to the new testament his position was conservative. an opponent of the tubingen school, his defence of the genuineness and authenticity of the gospel of st. john is among the ablest that have been written; and although on some minor points his views did not altogether coincide with those of the traditional school, his critical labours on the new testament must nevertheless be regarded as among the most important contributions to the maintenance of orthodox opinions. his greatest work, his commentary on the epistle to the hebrews (_brief an die hebraer erlautert durch einleitung, ubersetzung, und fortlaufenden commentar_, in three parts, 1828, 1836 and 1840) won the highest praise from men like de wette and fr. delitzsch. this work was abridged by bleek for his college lectures, and was published in that condensed form in 1868. in 1846 he published his contributions to the criticism of the gospels (_beitrage zur evangelien kritik_, pt. i.), which contained his defence of st john's gospel, and arose out of a review of j.h.a. ebrard's _wissenschaftliche kritik der evangelischen geschichte_ (1842). after his death were published:--(1) his _introduction to the old testament_ (_einleitung in das alte testament_), (3rd ed., 1869); eng. trans. by g.h. venables (from 2nd ed., 1869); in 1878 a new edition (the 4th) appeared under the editorship of j. wellhausen, who made extensive alterations and additions; (2) his _introduction to the new testament_ (3rd ed., w. mangold, 1875), eng. trans. (from 2nd german ed.) by william urwick (1869, 1870); (3) his _exposition of the first three gospels_ (_synoptische erklarung der drei ersten evangelien_), by h. holtzmann (1862); (4) his _lectures on the apocalypse_ (_vorlesungen uber die apokalypse_), (eng. trans. 1875). besides these there has also appeared a small volume containing _lectures on colossians, philemon and ephesians_ (berlin, 1865). bleek also contributed many articles to the _studien und kritiken_. for further information as to bleek's life and writings, see kamphausen's article in herzog-hauck, _realencyklopadie_; frederic lichtenberger's _histoire des idees religieuses en allemagne_, vol. iii.; diestel's _geschichte des allen testamentes_ (1869); and t.k. cheyne's _founders of old testament criticism_ (1893).