BIEL

biel, gabriel (c. 1425-1495), scholastic philosopher, was born at spires (speier). he was the first professor of theology at the newly founded (1477) university of tuebingen, of which he was twice rector. some years before his death he entered a religious fraternity. his work consists in the systematic development of the views of his master, william of occam. his _epitome et collectorium ex occamo super libros quatuor sententiarum_ (1508, 1512, and various dates) is a clear and consistent account of the nominalist doctrine, and presents the complete system of scholastic thought from that point of view. the empirical individualism of the work, tending necessarily to limit the province of reason and extend that of faith, together with scattered utterances on special points, which gained for biel the title of _papista antipapista_, had considerable influence in giving form to the doctrines of luther and melanchthon. it is the best specimen of the final aspect of scholasticism. his other works also have been frequently reprinted. the title _ultimus scholasticorum_ is often wrongly bestowed on biel; scholasticism did not cease with him, even in germany, and continued to flourish long after his time in the universities of spain. see linsenmann, in _theologischen quartalschrift_ (tuebingen, 1865); stockl, _phil. d. mittelalt._ ii. sec. 269; h. plitt, _gabriel biel als prediger_ (erlangen, 1879); art. s.v. by p. tschackert in herzog-hauck, _realencyklopaedie_, vol. iii. (1897); w. roscher, _ges. d. nationalokonomik_ (munich. 1874), pp. 21-28; and works quoted under scholasticism.