BERTHELOT

berthelot, marcellin pierre eugene (1827-1907), french chemist and politician, was born at paris on the 29th of october 1827, being the son of a doctor. after distinguishing himself at school in history and philosophy, he turned to the study of science. in 1851 he became a member of the staff of the college de france as assistant to a.j. balard, his former master, and about the same time he began his life-long friendship with ernest renan. in 1854 he made his reputation by his doctoral thesis, _sur les combinaisons de la glycerine avec les acides_, which described a series of beautiful researches in continuation and amplification of m.e. chevreul's classical work. in 1859 he was appointed professor of organic chemistry at the ecole superieure de pharmacie, and in 1865 he accepted the new chair of organic chemistry, which was specially created for his benefit at the college de france. he became a member of the academy of medicine in 1863, and ten years afterwards entered the academy of sciences, of which he became perpetual secretary in 1889 in succession to louis pasteur. he was appointed inspector general of higher education in 1876, and after his election as life senator in 1881 he continued to take an active interest in educational questions, especially as affected by compulsory military service. in the goblet ministry of 1886-1887 he was minister of public instruction, and in the bourgeois cabinet of 1895-1896 he held the portfolio for foreign affairs. his scientific jubilee was celebrated in paris in 1901. he died suddenly, immediately after the death of his wife, on the 18th of march 1907, at paris, and with her was buried in the pantheon. the fundamental conception that underlay all berthelot's chemical work was that all chemical phenomena depend on the action of physical forces which can be determined and measured. when he began his active career it was generally believed that, although some instances of the synthetical production of organic substances had been observed, on the whole organic chemistry must remain an analytical science and could not become a constructive one, because the formation of the substances with which it deals required the intervention of vital activity in some shape. to this attitude he offered uncompromising opposition, and by the synthetical production of numerous hydrocarbons, natural fats, sugars and other bodies he proved that organic compounds can be formed by ordinary methods of chemical manipulation and obey the same laws as inorganic substances, thus exhibiting the "creative character in virtue of which chemistry actually realizes the abstract conceptions of its theories and classifications--a prerogative so far possessed neither by the natural nor by the historical sciences." his investigations on the synthesis of organic compounds were published in numerous papers and books, including _chimie organique fondee sur la synthese_ (1860) and _les carbures d'hydrogene_ (1901). again he held that chemical phenomena are not governed by any peculiar laws special to themselves, but are explicable in terms of the general laws of mechanics that are in operation throughout the universe; and this view he developed, with the aid of thousands of experiments, in his _mecanique chimique_ (1878) and his _thermochimie_ (1897). this branch of study naturally conducted him to the investigation of explosives, and on the theoretical side led to the results published in his work _sur la force de la poudre et des matieres explosives_ (1872), while on the practical side it enabled him to render important services to his country as president of the scientific defence committee during the siege of paris in 1870-71 and subsequently as chief of the french explosives committee. in the later years of his life he turned to the study of the earlier phases of the science which he did so much to advance, and students of chemical history are greatly indebted to him for his book on _les origines de l'alchimie_ (1885) and his _introduction a l'etude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen age_ (1889), as well as for publishing translations of various old greek, syriac and arabic treatises on alchemy and chemistry (_collection des anciens alchimistes grecs_, 1887-1888, and _la chimie au moyen age_, 1893). he was also the author of _science et philosophie_ (1886), which contains a well-known letter to renan on "la science ideale et la science positive," of _la revolution chimique, lavoisier_ (1890), of _science et morale_ (1897), and of numerous articles in _la grande encyclopedie_, which he helped to establish.