BERLIOZ

berlioz, hector (1803-1869), french musical composer, was born on the 11th of december 1803 at cote-saint-andre, a small town near grenoble, in the department of isere. his father, louis berlioz, was a physician of repute, and by his desire hector for some time devoted himself to the study of medicine. at the same time he had music lessons, and, in secret, perused numerous theoretical works on counterpoint and harmony, with little profit it seems, till the hearing and subsequent careful analysis of one of haydn's quartets opened a new vista to his unguided aspirations. a similar work written by berlioz in imitation of haydn's masterpiece was favorably received by his friends. from paris, where he had been sent to complete his medical studies, he at last made known to his father the unalterable decision of devoting himself entirely to art, the answer to which confession was the withdrawal of all further pecuniary assistance. in order to support life berlioz had to accept the humble engagement of a singer in the chorus of the gymnase theatre. soon, however, he became reconciled to his father and entered the conservatoire, where he studied composition under reicha and lesueur. his first important composition was an opera called _les francs-juges_, of which, however, only the overture remains extant. in 1825 he left the conservatoire, and began a course of self-education, founded chiefly on the works of beethoven, gluck, weber and other german masters. about this period berlioz saw for the first time the talented irish actress henrietta smithson, who was then charming paris by her impersonations of ophelia, juliet and other shakespearean characters. the enthusiastic young composer became deeply enamoured of her at first sight, and tried, for a long time in vain, to gain the love or even the attention of his idol. to an incident of this wild and persevering courtship berlioz's first symphonic work, _episode de la vie d'un artiste_, owes its origin. by the advice of his friends berlioz once more entered the conservatoire, where, after several unsuccessful attempts, his cantata _sardanapalus_ gained him the first prize for foreign travel (1830), in spite of the strong personal antagonism of one of the umpires. during a stay in italy berlioz composed an overture to _king lear_, and _le retour a la vie_--a sort of symphony, with intervening poetical declamation between the single movements, called by the composer a melologue, and written in continuation of the _episode de la vie d'un artiste_, along with which work it was performed at the paris conservatoire in 1832. paganini on that occasion spoke to berlioz the memorable words: "vous commencez par ou les autres ont fini." miss smithson, who also was present on the occasion, consented to become the wife of her ardent lover in 1833. the marriage was a tempestuous mistake. in 1840 he separated from his wife, who died in 1854. six months later berlioz married mademoiselle recio. his second wife did not live very long, nor was there much that was edifying in this marriage. between the date of his first marriage and 1840 came out his dramatic symphonies _harold en italie_, _funebre et triomphale_, and _romeo et juliette_; his opera _benvenuto cellini_ (1837); his _requiem_, and other works. in the course of time berlioz won his due share of the distinctions generally awarded to artistic merit, such as the ribbon of the legion of honour and the membership of the institute. but these distinctions he owed, perhaps, less to a genuine admiration of his compositions than to his successes abroad and his influential position as the musical critic of the _journal des debats_ (a position which he held from 1838 to 1864, and which he never used or abused to push his own works). in 1842 berlioz went for the first time to germany, where he was hailed with welcome by the leading musicians of the younger generation, robert schumann foremost amongst them. the latter paved the way for the french composer's success by a comprehensive analysis of the _episode_ in his musical journal, the _neue zeitschrift fur musik_. in 1846 he produced his magnificent cantata _la damnation de faust_. berlioz gave successful concerts at leipzig and other german cities, and repeated his visit on various later occasions--in 1852 by invitation of liszt, to conduct his opera, _benvenuto cellini_ (hissed off the stage in paris), at weimar; and in 1855 to produce his oratorio-trilogy, _l'enfance du christ_, in the same city. this latter work had been previously performed at paris, where berlioz mystified the critics by pretending to have found the last chorus amongst the manuscript scores of a composer of the 17th century, pierre ducre by name. in 1855 his _te deum_ was written for the opening of the paris exhibition. berlioz also made journeys to vienna (1866) and st petersburg (1867), where his works were received with great enthusiasm. in 1861 he produced his work _beatrice et benedict_, and in 1863 _les troyens_. he died in paris on the 8th of march 1869. it is not only as a composer that the life of berlioz is full of interest, although in this respect his achievement is singularly significant for the comprehension of the modern spirit in music. but it is as the symbol of french romanticism in the whole domain of aesthetic perception that his pre-eminence has come to be recognized. his _memoires_ (begun in london in 1848 and finished in 1865) illustrate this romantic spirit at its highest elevation as well as at its lowest depths. victor hugo was a romantic, musset was a romantic, but berlioz was romanticism itself. as a boy he is in despair over the despair of dido, and his breath is taken away at virgil's "quaesivit coelo lucem ingemuitque reperta." at the age of twelve he is in love with "estelle," whom he meets fifty years afterwards. the scene is described by himself (1865) with minute fidelity--a scene which flaubert must have known by heart when he wrote its parallel in the novel _l'education sentimentale_. the romance of this meeting between the man--old, isolated, unspeakably sad, with the halo of public fame burning round him--and the woman--old also, a mother, a widow, whose beauty he had worshipped when she was eighteen--is striking. in a frame of chastened melancholy and joy at the sight of estelle, berlioz goes to dine with patti and her family. patti, on the threshold of her career, pets berlioz with such uncontrollable affection, that as the composer wrote a description of his feelings he was overwhelmed at the bitterness of fate. what would he not have given for estelle to show him such affection! patti seemed to him like a marvellous bird with diamond wings flitting round his head, resting on his shoulder, plucking his hair and singing her most joyous songs to the accompaniment of beating wings. "i was enchanted but not moved. the fact is that the young, beautiful, dazzling, famous virtuoso who at the age of twenty-two has already seen musical europe and america at her feet, does not win the power of love in me; and the aged woman, sad, obscure, ignorant of art, possesses my soul as she did in the days gone by, as she will do until my last day." if this episode touches the sublime, it may be urged with almost equal truth that his description of the exhumation of his two wives and their reburial in a single tomb touches the ridiculous. and yet the scene is described with a perception of all the detail which would call for the highest praise in a novelist. perhaps some parallel between the splendid and the ridiculous in this singular figure may be seen in the comparison of nadar's caricature with charpentier's portrait of the composer. the profound admiration of berlioz for shakespeare, which rose at moments to such a pitch of folly that he set shakespeare in the place of god and worshipped him, cannot be explained simply on the ground that henrietta smithson was a great shakespearean actress. unquestionably the great figures in english literature had a profound attraction for him, and while the romantic spirit is obvious in his selections from byron and scott, it can also be traced in the quality of his enthusiasm for shakespeare. it is in his music more than in his literary attitude, however, that is disclosed something in addition to the pure romance of schumann--something that places him nearer in kind to wagner, who recognized in him a composer from whose works he might learn something useful for the cultivation of his own ideals. as a youth the power of beethoven's symphonies made a deep impression on berlioz, and what has been described as the "poetical idea" in beethoven's creations ran riot in the young medical student's mind. he thus became one of the most ardent and enlightened originators of what is now known as "programme music." technically he was a brilliant musical colourist, often extravagant, but with the extravagant emotionalism of genius. he was a master of the orchestra; indeed, his treatment of the orchestra and his invention of unprecedented effects of _timbre_ give him a solitary position in musical history; he had an extraordinary gift for the use of the various instruments, and himself propounded a new ideal for the force to be employed, on an enormous scale. his literary works include the _traite d'instrumentation_ (1844); _voyage musical en allemagne et en italie_ (1845); _les soirees d'orchestre_ (1853); _les grotesques de la musique_ (1859); _a travers chant_ (1862); _memoires_ (1870); _lettres intimes_ (1882). for a full list of his musical works, grove's _dictionary_ should be consulted. the new critical edition of the complete musical works (published by breitkopf and hartel) is in ten series. i. symphonies: _fantastique_, op. 14; _funebre et triomphale_, op. 15, for military band and chorus; _harold en italie_, op. 16, with viola solo; _romeo et juliette_, with chorus and soli. ii. overtures (ten, including the five belonging to larger works). iii. smaller instrumental works, of which only the funeral march for _hamlet_ is important. iv. sacred music: the _grande messe des morts_, op. 5; the _te deum_, op. 22; _l'enfance du christ_, op. 25, and four smaller pieces, v. secular cantatas, including _hunt scenes de faust_, op. i; _lelio, ou le retour a la vie_, op. 146 (sequel to _symphonie fantastique_), and _la damnation de faust_, op. 24. vi. songs and lyric choruses with orchestra, two vols. vii. songs and lyric choruses with pianoforte, 2 vols. including arrangements of the orchestral songs. viii. operas: _benvenuto cellini_; _les troyens_ (five acts in two parts, _la prise de troie_ and _les troyens a carthage_); recitatives for the dialogue in weber's _freischutz_. ix. arrangements, including the well-known orchestral version of weber's _invitation a la danse_. x. fragments and new discoveries. adolphe julien's biography of berlioz (1888) first gave a careful account of the details of his life. see also the books by r. pohl (1884), p. galibert (1890), e. hippeau (1890), g. noufflard (1885), l. mesnard (1888), louise pohl (1900), and d. bernard (trans. by h.m. dunstan, 1882). an illuminating essay on berlioz is in filson young's _mastersingers_ (1902). see also the essay in w.h. hadow's _studies in modern music_ (1st series, 1908). berlioz's _traite d'instrumentation_ has been translated into german and brought up to date by richard strauss (peters' edition [1906]). berm (probably a variant of "brim"), a narrow ledge of ground, generally the level banks of a river. in parts of egypt the whole area reached by the nile is included in the berm. thus of the lands near berber, mr c. dupuis writes (in sir william garstin's _report on the upper nile_, 1904), "in most places there is a well-defined alluvial berm of recent formation and varying width, up to perhaps a couple of kilometres." in military phraseology the berm is the space of ground between the base of a rampart and the ditch.