BERKELEY

berkeley, miles joseph (1803-1889), english botanist, was born on the 1st of april 1803, at biggin hall, northamptonshire, and educated at rugby and christ's college, cambridge, of which he became an honorary fellow. taking holy orders, he became incumbent of apethorpe in 1837, and vicar of sibbertoft, near market harborough, in 1868. he acquired an enthusiastic love of cryptogamic botany in his early years, and soon was recognized as the leading british authority on fungi and plant pathology. he was especially famous as a systematist in mycology, some 6000 species of fungi being credited to him, but his _introduction to cryptogamic botany_, published in 1857, and his papers on "vegetable pathology" in the _gardener's chronicle_ in 1854 and onwards, show that he had a very broad grasp of the whole domain of physiology and morphology as understood in those days. moreover, it should be pointed out that berkeley began his work as a field naturalist and collector, his earliest objects of study having been the mollusca and other branches of zoology, as testified by his papers in the _zoological journal_ and the _magazine of natural history_, between 1828 and 1836. as a microscopist he was an assiduous and accurate worker, as is shown by his numerous drawings of the smaller algae and fungi, and his admirable dissections of mosses and hepaticae. his investigations on the potato murrain, caused by _phytophthora infestans_, on the grape mildew, to which he gave the name _oidium tuckeri_, and on the pathogenic fungi of wheat rust, hop mildew, and various diseases of cabbage, pears, coffee, onions, tomatoes, &c., were important in results bearing on the life-history of these pests, at a time when very little was known of such matters, and must always be considered in any historical account of the remarkable advances in the biology of these organisms which were made between 1850 and 1880; and when it is remembered that this work was done without any of the modern appliances or training of a properly equipped laboratory, the real significance of berkeley's pioneer work becomes apparent. it is as the founder of british mycology, however, that his name will live in the history of botany, and his most important work is contained in the account of native british fungi in sir w. hooker's _british flora_ (1836), in his _introduction to cryptogamic botany_ (1857), and in his _outlines of british fungology_ (1860). his magnificent herbarium at kew, which contains over 9000 specimens, and is enriched by numerous notes and sketches, forms one of the most important type series in the world. berkeley died at sibbertoft on the 30th of july 1889. he was a man of refined and courteous bearing, an accomplished classical student, with the simple and modest habits that befit a man of true learning. a list of his publications will be found in the _catalogue of scientific papers_ of the royal society, and sketches of his life in _proc. roy. soc._, 1890, 47, 9, by sir joseph hooker, and _annals of botany_, 1897, 11, by sir w.t. thiselton-dyer. (h. m. w.)