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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bayeux tapestry:6fb054ba721c",
    "title": "BAYEUX TAPESTRY",
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    "verified_text": "bayeux tapestry, the. this venerable relic consists of a band of linen, 231 ft. long and 20 in. wide, now light brown with age, on which have been worked with a needle, in worsteds of eight colours, scenes representing the conquest of england by the normans. of these scenes there are seventy-two, beginning with harold's visit to bosham on his way to normandy, and ending with the flight of the english from the battle of hastings, though the actual end of the strip has perished. along the top and the bottom run decorative borders with figures of animals, scenes from fables of aesop and of phaedrus, from husbandry and the chase, and occasionally from the story of the conquest itself (see embroidery; plate i. fig. 7). formerly known as the _toile de st jean_, it was used on certain feast days to decorate the nave of bayeux cathedral. narrowly escaping the perils of the revolution, it was exhibited in paris, by napoleon's desire, in 1803-1804, and has since been in civil custody at bayeux, where it is now exhibited under glass. in the franco-german war (1871) it was hastily taken down and concealed. \"the noblest monument in the world relating to our old english history,\" as william stukeley described it in 1746, it has been repeatedly described, discussed and reproduced, both in france and in england since 1730. the best coloured reproduction is that by c.a. stothard in 1818, published in the sixth volume of _vetusta monumenta_; but in 1871-1872 the \"tapestry\" was photographed for the english education authorities by e. dossetter. local tradition assigned the work to the conqueror's wife. f. pluquet, in his _essai historique sur la ville de bayeux_ (caen, 1829), was the first to reject this belief, and to connect it with the conqueror's half-brother odo, bishop of bayeux, and this view, which is now accepted, is confirmed by the fact that three of the bishop's followers mentioned in domesday book are among the very few named figures on the tapestry. that odo had it executed for his cathedral seems tolerably certain, but whether it was worked by english fingers or not has been disputed, though some of the words upon it have been held to favour that view. freeman emphatically pronounced it to be \"a contemporary work,\" and historically \"a primary authority ... in fact the highest authority on the norman side.\" as some of its evidence is unique, the question of its authority is important, and freeman's conclusions have been practically confirmed by recent discussion. in 1902 m. marignan questioned, on archaeological grounds, the date assigned to the tapestry, as the abbe de la rue had questioned it ninety years before; but his arguments were refuted by gaston paris and m. lanore, and the authority of the tapestry was vindicated. the famous relic appears to be the solitary survivor of a class, for abbot baudri described in latin verse a similar work executed for adela, daughter of the conqueror, and in earlier days the widow of brihtnoth had wrought a similar record of her husband's exploits and death at the hard-fought battle of maldon (991). [illustration: plate i. 1. siege of dinant. note the wooden castle on a mound, and the knight handing over the keys on his lance tip. 2. the funeral of edward the confessor at westminster abbey. 3. coronation of harold. 4. appearance of halley's comet. 5. the normans carry their arms to the ships. (_by permission of g, bell & sons._)] [illustration: plate ii. 6. the normans cross to pevensey. 7. building of hastings castle. 8. harold's advance announced to william. the burning of hastings. 9. the norman cavalry attacks the english shield wall. 10. william raises his helmet to rally his men. 11. odo, bishop of bayeux, wielding his mace. (_by permission of g. bell & sons._)] see e.a. freeman, _norman conquest_, vol. iii. (ed. 1875), with summary of the discussion to date; _archaeologia_, vols. xvii.--xix.; dawson turner, _tour in normandy_ (1820); c.a. stothard's illustrations in _vetusta monumenta_, vol. vi.; _gentleman's magazine_, 1837; bolton corney, _researches and conjectures on the bayeux tapestry_ (1836-1838); a. de caumont, \"un mot sur ... la tapisserie de bayeux,\" in _bulletin monumental de vinstilut des provinces_, vol. viii. (1841); j. laffetay, _notice historique et descriptive sur la tapisserie_ ... (1874); j. comte, _tapisserie de bayeux_; f.r. fowke, _the bayeux tapestry_ (ed. 1898); marignan, _tapisserie de bayeux_ (1902); g. pans, \"tapisserie de bayeux,\" in _romania_, vol. xxxi.; lanore, \"la tapisserie de bayeux,\" in _bibliotheque de l'ecole des chartes_, vol. lxiv. (1903); and j.h. round, \"the bayeux tapestry,\" in _monthly review_, xvii. (1904). (j. h. r.) bayezid i. (1347-1403), ottoman sultan, surnamed yilderim or \"lightning,\" from the great rapidity of his movements, succeeded his father murad i. on the latter's assassination on the field of kossovo, 1389, and signalized his accession by ordering at once the execution of his brother yakub, who had distinguished himself in the battle. his arms were successful both in europe and asia, and he was the first ottoman sovereign to be styled \"sultan,\" which title he induced the titular abbasid caliph to confer on him. after routing the chivalry of christendom at the battle of nikopoli in 1396, he pursued his victorious career in greece, and constantinople would doubtless have fallen before his attack, had not the emperor manuel palaeologus bought him off by timely concessions which reduced him practically to the position of bayezid's vassal. but his conquests met with a sudden and overpowering check at the hands of timur (tamerlane). utterly defeated at angora by the mongol invader, bayezid became his prisoner, and died in captivity some months later, in march 1403. bayezid first married devlet shah khatun, daughter of the prince of kermian, who brought him in dowry kutaiah and its dependencies. two years before his accession he also married a daughter of the emperor john palaeologus. bayezid ii. (1447-1512), sultan of turkey, was the son of mahommed ii., whom he succeeded in 1481, but only after gaining over the janissaries by a large donative, which henceforth became for centuries the invariable prerogative of that undisciplined body on the accession of a new sultan. before he could establish himself on the throne a long struggle ensued with his brother prince jem. being routed, jem fled for refuge to the knights of st john at rhodes, who, in spite of a safe-conduct granted to him, accepted a pension from bayezid as the price for keeping him a close prisoner. (see aubusson, pierre d'.) so long as jem lived he was a perpetual menace to the sultan's peace, and there was considerable rivalry among the sovereigns of europe for the possession of so valuable an instrument for bringing pressure to bear upon the porte for the purpose of extracting money or concessions. by common consent the prince was ultimately entrusted to pope innocent",
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