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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:barnum:25edf6647388",
    "title": "BARNUM",
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    "verified_text": "barnum, phineas taylor (1810-1891), american showman, was born in bethel, connecticut, on the 5th of july 1810, his father being an inn- and store-keeper. barnum first started as a store-keeper, and was also concerned in the lottery mania then prevailing in the united states. after failing in business, he started in 1829 a weekly paper, _the herald of freedom_, in danbury; after several libel suits and a prosecution which resulted in imprisonment, he moved to new york in 1834, and in 1835 began his career as a showman, with his purchase and exploitation of a coloured woman, joyce heth, reputed to have been the nurse of george washington, and to be over a hundred and sixty years old. with this woman and a small company he made well-advertised and successful tours in america till 1839, though joyce heth died in 1836, when her age was proved to be not more than seventy. after a period of failure, he purchased scudder's american museum, new york, in 1841; to this he added considerably, and it became one of the most popular shows in the united states. he made a special hit by the exhibition, in 1842, of charles stratton, the celebrated \"general tom thumb\" (see dwarf). in 1844 barnum toured with the dwarf in england. a remarkable instance of his enterprise was the engagement of jenny lind to sing in america at $1000 a night for one hundred and fifty nights, all expenses being paid by the _entrepreneur_. the tour began in 1850. barnum retired from the show business in 1855, but had to settle with his creditors in 1857, and began his old career again as showman and museum proprietor. in 1871 he established the \"greatest show on earth,\" a travelling amalgamation of circus, menagerie and museum of \"freaks,\" &c. this show, incorporated in the name of \"barnum, bailey & hutchinson,\" and later as \"barnum & bailey's\" toured all over the world. in 1907 the business was sold to ringling brothers. barnum wrote several books, such as _the humbugs of the world_ (1865), _struggles and triumphs_ (1869), and his _autobiography_ (1854, and later editions). he died on the 7th of april 1891. barocchio (or barozzi), giacomo, called da vignola (1507-1573), italian architect, was born at vignola in the modenese territory on the 1st of october 1507. his early work was conducted at bologna, piacenza, assisi and perugia, until he was summoned to rome as papal architect under pope julius iii. in 1564 he succeeded michelangelo as the architect of st peter's, and executed various portions of that fabric, besides a variety of works in rome. the designs for the escorial were also supplied by him. he is the author of an excellent work on the _five orders of architecture_ (rome, 1563), and another work on _practical perspective_ (rome, 1583). to his extensive acquirements and exquisite taste were superadded an amenity of manners and a noble generosity that won the affection and admiration of all who knew him. he died in rome on the 7th of july 1573. he was an eminent upholder of the classic style at a period when the style known as _baroque_ was corrupting the architecture of italy. the term _baroque_ owes its origin to the spanish word _barrueco_ or _berrueco_, an imperfectly round pearl, and is not derived from the architect barocchio, whose name so much resembles it. yet it is curious that it was much used to describe a debased form of architecture encouraged by the jesuits whose church in rome was built by barocchio. barocci (or baroccio), federigo (1528-1612), italian painter, was born at urbino, where the genius of raphael inspired him. in his early youth he travelled to rome, where he painted in fresco and was warmly commended by michelangelo. he then returned to urbino, where, with the exception of some short visits to rome, he continued to reside till his death. he acquired great fame by his paintings of religious subjects, in the style of which he to some extent imitated correggio. his own followers were very numerous, but according to lanzi (_hist. of painting_) carried their master's peculiarities to excess. barocci also etched from his own designs a few prints, which are highly finished, and executed with great softness and delicacy.",
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