BARNES

barnes, robert (1495-1540), english reformer and martyr, born about 1495, was educated at cambridge, where he was a member, and afterwards prior of the convent of austin friars, and graduated d.d. in 1523. he was apparently one of the cambridge men who were wont to gather at the white horse tavern for bible-reading and theological discussion early in the third decade of the 16th century. in 1526, he was brought before the vice-chancellor for preaching a heterodox sermon, and was subsequently examined by wolsey and four other bishops. he was condemned to abjure or be burnt; and preferring the former alternative, was committed to the fleet prison and afterwards to the austin friars in london. he escaped thence to antwerp in 1528, and also visited wittenberg, where he made luther's acquaintance. he also came across stephen vaughan, an agent of thomas cromwell and an advanced reformer, who recommended him to cromwell: "look well," he wrote, "upon dr barnes' book. it is such a piece of work as i have not yet seen any like it. i think he shall seal it with his blood" (_letters and papers of henry viii._ v. 593). in 1531 barnes returned to england, and became one of the chief intermediaries between the english government and lutheran germany. in 1535 he was sent to germany, in the hope of inducing lutheran divines to approve of henry's divorce from catherine of aragon, and four years later he was employed in negotiations connected with anne of cleves's marriage. the policy was cromwell's, but henry viii. had already in 1538 refused to adopt lutheran theology, and the statute of six articles (1539), followed by the king's disgust with anne of cleves (1540), brought the agents of that policy to ruin. an attack upon bishop gardiner by barnes in a sermon at st paul's cross was the signal for a bitter struggle between the protestant and reactionary parties in henry's council, which raged during the spring of 1540. barnes was forced to apologize and recant; and gardiner delivered a series of sermons at st paul's cross to counteract barnes' invective. but a month or so later cromwell was made earl of essex, gardiner's friend, bishop sampson, was sent to the tower, and barnes reverted to lutheranism. it was a delusive victory. in july, cromwell was attainted, anne of cleves was divorced and barnes was burnt (30th july 1540). he also had an act of attainder passed against him, a somewhat novel distinction for a heretic, which illustrates the way in which henry viii. employed secular machinery for ecclesiastical purposes, and regarded heresy as an offence against the state rather than against the church. barnes was one of six executed on the same day: two, william jerome and thomas gerrard, were, like himself, burnt for heresy under the six articles; three, thomas abel, richard fetherstone and edward powell, were hanged for treason in denying the royal supremacy. both lutherans and catholics on the continent were shocked. luther published barnes' confession with a preface of his own as _bekenntnis des glaubens_ (1540), which is included in walch's edition of luther's _werke_ xxi. 186. see _letters and papers of henry viii._ vols. iv.-xv. _passim_; wriothesley's _chronicle_; foxe's _acts and monuments_, ed. g. townsend burnet's _hist. of the ref._, ed. pocock; dixon's _hist. of the church_; gairdner's _church in the xvith century_; pollard's _henry viii. and cranmer_; herzog-hauck, _realencyklopadie_, 3rd ed. (a. f. p.)