BARBEYRAC

barbeyrac, jean (1674-1744), french jurist, the nephew of charles barbeyrac, a distinguished physician of montpellier, was born at beziers in lower languedoc on the 15th of march 1674. he removed with his family into switzerland after the revocation of the edict of nantes, and there studied jurisprudence. after spending some time at geneva and frankfort-on-main, he became professor of belles-lettres in the french school of berlin. thence, in 1711, he was called to the professorship of history and civil law at lausanne, and finally settled as professor of public law at groningen. he died on the 3rd of march 1744. his fame rests chiefly on the preface and notes to his translation of pufendorf's treatise _de jure naturae et gentium_. in fundamental principles he follows almost entirely locke and pufendorf; but he works out with great skill the theory of moral obligation, referring it to the command or will of god. he indicates the distinction, developed more fully by thomasius and kant, between the legal and the moral qualities of action. the principles of international law he reduces to those of the law of nature, and combats, in so doing, many of the positions taken up by grotius. he rejects the notion that sovereignty in any way resembles property, and makes even marriage a matter of civil contract. barbeyrac also translated grotius's _de jure belli et pacis_, cumberland's _de legibus naturae_, and pufendorf's smaller treatise _de officio hominis et civis_. among his own productions are a treatise, _de la morale des peres_, a history of ancient treaties contained in the _supplement au grand corps diplomatique_, and the curious _traite du jeu_ (1709), in which he defends the morality of games of chance. barbican (from fr. _barbacane_, probably of arabic or persian origin), an outwork for the defence of a gate or drawbridge; also a sort of pent-house or construction of timber to shelter warders or sentries from arrows or other missiles.