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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bar:c29a19d07d02",
    "title": "BAR",
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    "verified_text": "bar, confederation of, a famous confederation of the polish nobles and gentry formed at the little fortress of bar in podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of poland against the aggressions of the russian government as represented by her representative at warsaw, prince nicholas repnin. the originators of this confederation were adam krasinski, bishop of kamenets, osip pulawski and michael krasinski. king stanislaus was at first inclined to mediate between the confederates and russia; but finding this impossible, sent a force against them under the grand hetman ksawery branicki and two generals, who captured bar. nevertheless, a simultaneous outbreak of a _jacquerie_ in little-russia contributed to the extension of the confederation throughout the eastern province of poland and even in lithuania. the confederates, thereupon, appealed for help abroad and contributed to bring about a war between russia and turkey. so serious indeed was the situation that frederick ii. advised catherine to come to terms with the confederates. their bands under ignaty malchewsky, michael pac and prince charles radziwill ravaged the land in every direction, won several engagements over the russians, and at last, utterly ignoring the king, sent envoys on their own account to the principal european powers. in 1770 the council of the confederation was transferred from its original seat in silesia to hungary, from whence it conducted diplomatic negotiations with france, austria and turkey with the view of forming a league against russia. the court of versailles sent dumouriez to act as commander-in-chief of the confederates, but neither as a soldier nor as a politician did this adroit adventurer particularly distinguish himself, and his account of his experiences is very unfair to the confederates. among other blunders, he pronounced king stanislaus a tyrant and a traitor at the very moment when he was about to accede to the confederation. the king thereupon reverted to the russian faction and the confederation lost the confidence of europe. nevertheless, its army, thoroughly reorganized by dumouriez, gallantly maintained the hopeless struggle for some years, and it was not till 1776 that the last traces of it disappeared. see alexander kraushar, _prince repnin in poland_ (pol.) (warsaw, 1900); f. a. thesby de belcour, _the confederates of bar_ (pol.) (cracow, 1895); charles francois dumouriez, _memoires et correspondance_ (paris, 1834). (r. n. b.) bar (o. fr. _barre_, late lat. _barra_, origin unknown), in physical geography, a ridge of sand or silt crossing an estuary under water or raised by wave action above sea-level, forming an impediment to navigation. when a river enters a tidal sea its rate of flow is checked and the material it carries in suspension is deposited in a shifting bar crossing the channel from bank to bank. where the channel is only partly closed, a spur of this character is called a \"spit.\" a bar may be produced by tidal action only in an estuary or narrow gulf (as at port adelaide) where the tides sweep the loose sand backwards and forwards, depositing it where the motion of the water is checked. nahant bay, mass., is bordered by the ridge of lynn beach, which separates it from lynn harbor, and ties nahant to the mainland by a bar formed in this way.",
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