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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bali:8558398a0ebc",
    "title": "BALI",
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    "verified_text": "bali, an island of the east indies, e. of java, from which it is separated by bali strait, which is shallow, and scarcely over a mile in width at its narrowest point. bali is 93 m. in length, and its greatest breadth is 50 m. the area is 2095 sq. m. in 1882, for administrative purposes, bali was separated from java and combined with the island of lombok to form the dutch residency of lombok and bali. politically its divisions are two:--(1) the two districts, buleleng and jembrana, on dutch territory; and (2) the autonomous states of klung lung, bangli, mengui, badung and tabanan. buleleng, on the north-west, is the chief town. the population on dutch territory in the whole residency in the year 1905 was 523,535. bali belongs physically to java; the climate and soil are the same and it has mountains of proportionate height. there are several lakes of great depth and streams well fitted for the purposes of irrigation, of which full advantage is taken by the natives. the geological formation includes (like that of java) three regions--the central volcanic, the southern peninsula of tertiary limestone, and alluvial plains between the older formations. the highest volcanoes, tabanan, batur and gunung agung (bali beak), have respectively heights of 7545 ft., 7383 ft., and 10,497 ft., the central chain having an average altitude of 3282 ft. as regards flora and fauna bali is associated with java. the deep strait which separates it on the east from lombok was taken by a. r. wallace (_q.v._) as representing the so-called wallace's line, whereby he demarcated the asiatic from the australian fauna. the natives of bali, though of the same stock as the javanese, and resembling them in general appearance, exceed them in stature and muscular power, as well as in activity and enterprise. they are skilful agriculturists and artisans, especially in textile fabrics and the manufacture of arms. though native rule is tyrannical and arbitrary, especially in the principalities of badung and tabanan, trade and industry could not flourish if insecurity of persons and property existed to any great extent. the natives have also a remedy against the aggression of their rulers in their own hands; it is called _metilas_, consists in a general rising and renunciation of allegiance, and proves mostly successful. justice is administered from a written civil and criminal code. slavery is abolished. hinduism, which was once the religion of java, but has been extinct there for four centuries, is still in vogue in the islands of bali and lombok, where the cruel custom of widow-burning (suttee) is still practised, and the hindu system of the four castes, with a fifth or pariah caste (called _chandala_), adhered to. it appears partly blended with buddhism, partly overgrown with a belief in _kalas_, or evil spirits. to appease these, offerings are made to them either direct or through the mediation of the _devas_ (domestic or agrarian deities); and if these avail not, the _menyepi_ or great sacrifice is resorted to. in the course of this ceremony, after the sacrifice, men rush in all directions carrying torches; the women also carry fire-brands, or knock on the houses with rice-crushers and other heavy implements, and thus the evil spirits are considered to be driven away. the mahommedan religion occurs among the coastal population. the balinese language belongs to the same group of the malayan class as the javanese, sundanese, madurese, &c., but is as distinct from each of these as french is from italian. it is most nearly akin to the sasak language spoken in lombok and on the east coast of bali. the literary language has embodied many of its ingredients from the old javanese, as spoken in java at the time of the fall of majapahit (15th century), while the vulgar dialect has kept free from such admixture. javanese influence is also traceable in the use of three varieties of speech, as in the javanese language, according to the rank of the people addressed. the alphabet is with some modifications the same as the javanese, but more complicated. the material universally used for writing on is the prepared leaf of the lontar palm. the sacred literature of the balinese is written in the ancient javanese or _kawi_ language, which appears to be better understood here than it is in java. a general decline in culture is manifest in the balinese. of the early history of their island the balinese know nothing. the oldest tradition they possess refers to a time shortly after the overthrow of the majapahit dynasty in java, about the middle of the 15th century; but it has been supposed that there must have been indian settlers here before the middle of the 1st century, by whom the present name, probably cognate with the sanskrit _balin_, strong, was in all likelihood imposed. it was not till 1633 that the dutch attempted to enter into alliance with the native princes, and their earliest permanent settlement at port badung only dates from 1845. their influence was extended by the results of the war which they waged with the natives about 1847-49. the only roadstead safe all the year round is temukus on the north coast. the rivers are not navigable. agriculture is the chief means of subsistence; rice being a crop of particular importance. other crops grown for export are coffee, tobacco, cocoa and indigo. gold-working, the making of arms and musical instruments, wood-carving, cotton, silk and gold thread weaving are of importance. there are numerous arab and chinese traders. see r. van eck, _schetsen van het eiland bali_, tijdsch. van nederl. indie (1878-1879); j. jacobs, _eeenigen tijd onder de baliers_ (batavia, 1883); h. tonkes, _volkskunde von bali_ (halle, 1888); liefrinck, _de rijst cultuur op bali_, indische gids. (1886). balikisri (_balukiser_), a town of asia minor, capital of the karasi sanjak in the vilayet of brusa, altitude 575 ft., situated on rising ground above a fertile plain which drains to the sea of marmora. pop. 20,000 (moslems, 15,000; christians, 5000). it is a centre of trade in opium, silk and cereals, communicating by carriage roads with panderma. the sanjak is rich in mineral wealth; silver mines are worked at balia and boracite mines at susurlu. at or near balikisri was the roman town of hadrianutherae, founded, as its name commemorates, by the emperor hadrian. [v.03 p.0257] baliol, the name of a family which played an important part in the history of scotland. the founder of the family in england was a norman baron, guy or guido de baliol, who held the fiefs of bailleul, dampierre, harcourt and vinoy in normandy. coming to england with william the conqueror, he received lands in the north of england from william ii., and his son, or grandson, bernard or barnard de baliol, built a fortress in durham called castle barnard, around which the town of barnard castle grew. the first burgesses probably obtained their privileges from him. bernard fought for king stephen during the civil war, was present at the battle of the standard in august 1138, and was taken prisoner at the battle of lincoln in february 1141. the date of his death is uncertain. dugdale only believes in the existence of one bernard de baliol, but it seems more probable that the bernard de baliol referred to after 1167 was a son of the elder bernard, and not the same individual. if so the younger bernard was one of the northern barons who raised the siege of alnwick, and took william the lion, king of scotland, prisoner in july 1174. he also confirmed the privileges granted by his father to the burgesses of barnard castle, and was succeeded by his son eustace. practically nothing is known of eustace, or of his son hugh who succeeded about 1215. hugh's son and successor, john de baliol, who increased his wealth and position by a marriage with dervorguila (d. 1290), daughter of alan, earl of galloway, is said to have possessed thirty knights' fees in england and one half of the lands in galloway. he was one of the regents of scotland during the minority of alexander iii., but in 1255 was deprived of this office and his lands forfeited for treason. he then appeared in england fighting for henry iii. against simon de montfort, and was taken prisoner at the battle of lewes in 1264. about 1263 he established several scholarships at oxford, and after his death in 1269 his widow founded the college which bears the name of the family. he left four sons, three of whom died without issue, and in 1278 his lands came to his son, john de baliol (_q.v._), who was king of scotland from 1292 to 1296, and who died in normandy in 1315. john's eldest son by his marriage with isabel, daughter of john de warenne, earl of surrey, was edward de baliol who shared his father's captivity in england in 1296. subsequently crossing over to france, he appears to have lived mainly on his lands in normandy until 1324, when he was invited to england by king edward ii., who hoped to bring him forward as a candidate for the scottish crown. a favourable opportunity, however, did not arise until after the death of king robert the bruce in 1329, when edward iii. had succeeded his father on the english throne. although edward did not give baliol any active assistance, the claimant placed himself at the head of some disinherited scottish nobles, raised a small army and sailed from ravenspur. landing at kinghorn in fifeshire in august 1332, he gained a complete victory over the scots under donald, earl of mar, at dupplin moor, took perth, and on the 24th of september was crowned king of scotland at scone. he then acknowledged edward iii. as his superior, but soon afterwards was defeated at annan (where his brother, henry de baliol, was slain) and compelled to fly to england. regaining his kingdom after the defeat of the scots at halidon hill in july 1333, baliol surrendered the whole of the district formerly known as lothian to edward, and did homage for scotland to the english king. his party, however, was weakened by disunion, and he won no serious support in scotland. entirely dependent on edward, he again sought refuge in england, and took a very slight part in the war waged on his behalf. he returned to scotland after the defeat of king david ii. at neville's cross in 1346. after making an absolute surrender of scotland to edward iii. in 1356 at roxburgh in return for a pension, edward de baliol died at wheatley near doncaster in 1367. a cadet branch of the baliol family was descended from ingelram, or engelram, a son of the younger bernard de baliol. ingelram's wife was the daughter and heiress of william de berkeley, lord of reidcastle in forfarshire, and chamberlain of scotland, and by her he had a son henry, who became chamberlain about 1223. henry married lora or lauretta, a daughter of philip de valoines (valsques), lord of panmure, and in 1234 inherited part of the rich english fiefs of the valoines family. he sided with the english barons against john in 1215, and accompanied henry iii. to france in 1242. he died in 1246. it is probable but not certain that henry's son was alexander de baliol, lord of cavers in teviotdale, and chamberlain of scotland. alexander took a leading part in scottish affairs during the latter part of the 13th century, and is first mentioned as chamberlain in 1287. he shared in the negotiations between the scottish nobles and edward i. of england which culminated in the treaty of salisbury in 1289, and the treaty of brigham in 1290. probably deprived of his office as chamberlain about 1296 he may have shared the imprisonment of his kinsman, john de baliol the king. he then fought in scotland for edward, and was summoned to several english parliaments. his wife was isabella de chilham, through whom he obtained lands in kent. he died about 1309, leaving a son, alexander, whose son, thomas, sold the estate of cavers to william, earl of douglas, in 1368. thomas is the last of the baliols mentioned in the scottish records. a late and dubious tradition asserts that the family name became so discredited owing to the pusillanimous conduct of john and edward baliol that it was abandoned by its owners in favour of the form baillie. see john of fordun, _chronica gentis scotorum_, edited by w. f. skene (edinburgh, 1871-1872); andrew of wyntoun, _the orygynale cronykil of scotland_, edited by david laing (edinburgh, 1872-1879); _gesta edwardi de carnarvan_, by a canon of bridlington, edited by w. stubbs (london, 1883); w. dugdale, _the baronage of england_ (london, 1675-1676); r. surtees, _the history of durham_ (london, 1816-1840); _documents and records illustrating the history of scotland_, edited by f. t. palgrave (london, 1837); _documents illustrative of the history of scotland_ (1286-1306), edited by j. stevenson (edinburgh, 1870); _calendar of documents relating to scotland_, edited by j. bain (edinburgh, 1881-1888).",
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