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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:bahr:ab5479a45b9a",
    "title": "BAHR",
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    "verified_text": "bahr, the arabic for \"sea,\" with the diminutive _bahira_. bahr also signifies a. river, especially one with a large body of water, _e.g._ the nile, and is sometimes used to designate the dry bed of a river. bahraich or bharaich, a town and district of british india, situated in the fyzabad division of the united provinces. the town is on the river sarju. since the opening of the railway the place has begun to flourish. it contains the most popular place of pilgrimage in oudh, the tomb of masaud, a champion of islam, slain in battle by the confederate rajputs in 1033, which is resorted to by mahommedans and hindus alike. there is also a mussulman monastery, and the ruined palace of a nawab of oudh. the american methodists have a mission here. pop. (1901) 27,304. the district of bahraich contains an area of 2647 sq. m. it consists of three tracts: (1) in the centre, an elevated triangular plateau, projecting from the base of the himalayas for about 50 m. in a south-easterly direction--average breadth, 13 m., area, 670 sq. m.; (2) the great plain of the gogra, on the west, about 40 ft. below the level of the plateau; and (3) on the east, another lesser area of depression, comprising the basin of the rapti. the _tarai_, or the forest and marshy tracts along the southern slopes of the himalayas, gradually merge within the district into drier land, the beds of the streams become deeper and more marked, the marshes disappear, and the country assumes the ordinary appearance of the plain of the ganges. the gogra skirts the district for 114 m.; and the rapti, with its branch the bhalka, drains the high grounds. in 1901 the population was 1,051,347, showing an increase of 5% in the decade. a considerable trade is conducted with nepal, chiefly in timber. a line of railway has been opened through the district to nepalganj on the frontier. as there are no canals in the district, irrigation is obtained solely from wells, tanks and rivers. the district is purely agricultural in character, and is one of large estates, 78% being held by _taluqdars_, of whom the four chief are the raja of kapurthala, the maharaja of balrampur, the raja of nanpara and the raja of payagpur. little is known of the history of the district before the mahommedan invasion in a.d. 1033. masaud was defeated and slain by the nobles of bahraich in 1033, and the mahommedans did not establish their authority over the country till the middle of the 13th century. about 1450 the raikwars, or rajput adventurers, made themselves masters of the western portion of the district, which they retain to this day. in 1816 by the treaty of segauli the nepal _tarai_ was ceded to the british, but was given back in 1860. during the mutiny the district was the scene of considerable fighting, and after its close a large portion was distributed in _jagirs_ to loyal chiefs, thus originating the _taluqdari_ estates of the present day. bahr[=a]m (_varahr[=a]n_, in gr. [greek: ouararanes] or [greek: ouraranes], the younger form of the old _verethragna_, the name of a persian god, \"the killer of the dragon verethra\"), the name of five sassanid kings. 1. bahr[=a]m i. (a.d. 274-277). from a pahlavi inscription we learn that he was the son (not, as the greek authors and tabari say, the grandson) of shapur i., and succeeded his brother hormizd (ormizdas) i., who had only reigned a year. bahr[=a]m i. is the king who, by the instigation of the magians, put to a cruel death the prophet mani, the founder of manichaeism. nothing else is known of his reign. 2. bahr[=a]m ii. (277-294), son of bahr[=a]m i. during his reign the emperor carus attacked the persians and conquered ctesiphon (283), but died by the plague. of bahr[=a]m ii.'s reign some theological inscriptions exist (f. stolze and j. c. andreas, _persepolis_ (berlin, 1882), and e. w. west, \"pahlavi literature\" in _grundriss d. iranischen philologie_, ii. pp. 75-129). 3. bahr[=a]m iii., son of bahr[=a]m ii., under whose rule he had been governing sejistan (therefore called saganshah, agathias iv. 24, tabari). he reigned only four months (in 294), and was succeeded by the pretender narseh. 4. bahr[=a]m iv. (389-399), son and successor of shapur iii., under whom he had been governor of kirman; therefore he was called kirmanshah (agathias iv. 26; tabari). under him or his predecessor armenia was divided between the roman and the persian empire. bahr[=a]m iv. was killed by some malcontents. 5. bahr[=a]m v. (420-439), son of yazdegerd i., after whose sudden death (or assassination) he gained the crown against the opposition of the grandees by the help of al-mondhir, the arabic dynast of hira. he promised to rule otherwise than his father, who had been very energetic and at the same time tolerant in religion. so bahr[=a]m v. began a systematic persecution of the christians, which led to a war with the roman empire. but he had little success, and soon concluded a treaty by which both empires promised toleration to the worshippers of the two rival religions, christianity and zoroastrianism. bahr[=a]m deposed the vassal king of the persian part of armenia and made it a province. he is a great favourite in persian tradition, which relates many stories of his valour and beauty, of his victories over the romans, turks, indians and negroes, and of his adventures in hunting and in love; he is called bahr[=a]m gor, \"the wild ass,\" on account of his strength and courage. in reality he seems to have been rather a weak monarch, after the heart of the grandees and the priests. he is said to have built many great fire-temples, with large gardens and villages (tabari). 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