BADEN

baden, a town and watering-place of austria, in lower austria, 17 m. s. of vienna by rail. pop. (1900) 12,447. it is beautifully situated at the mouth of the romantic helenenthal, on the banks of the schwechat, and has become the principal summer resort of the inhabitants of the neighbouring capital. it possesses a new _kurhaus_, fifteen bathing-establishments, a parish church in late gothic style, and a town-hall, which contains interesting archives. the warm baths, which gave name to the town, are thirteen in number, with a temperature of from 72deg f. to 97deg f., and contain, as chief ingredient, sulphate of lime. they rise for the most part at the foot of the calvarienberg (1070 ft.), which is composed of dolomitic limestone, and are mostly used for bathing purposes. several members of the austrian imperial family have made baden their summer residence and have built here beautiful villas. there are about 20,000 visitors annually. baden possesses several parks and is surrounded by lovely and interesting spots, of which the most frequented is the picturesque valley of the helenenthal, which is traversed by the schwechat. not far from baden, the valley is crossed by the magnificent aqueduct of the vienna waterworks. at the entrance to the valley, on the right bank of the river, lie the ruins of the 12th-century castle of rauheneck, and at its foot stands the chateau weilburg, built in 1820-1825 by archduke charles, the victor of aspern. on the left bank, just opposite, stands the ruined castle of rauhenstein, dating also from the 12th century. about 4 m. up the valley is mayerling, a hunting-lodge, where the crown prince rudolph of austria was found dead in 1889. farther up is alland, whence a road leads to the old and well-preserved abbey of heiligenkreuz. it possesses a church, in romanesque style, dating from the 11th century, with fine cloisters and the tombs of several members of the babenberg family. the highest point in the neighbourhood of baden is the peak of the hoher lindkogel (2825 ft.), popularly called the eiserne thor, which is ascended in about three hours. the celebrity of baden dates back to the days of the romans, who knew it by the name of _thermae pannonicae_, and remains of their occupation still exist. it received its charter as a town [v.03 p.0184] in 1480, and although sacked at various times by hungarians and turks, it soon flourished again. see j. schwarz, _die heilquellen von baden bei wien_ (vienna, 3rd ed., 1900).