{
    "system": "GoGuides Verified Text",
    "api_version": "verified-text-v1",
    "status": "ok",
    "response_type": "verified_text_record",
    "source_key": "britannica_1911",
    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
    "license_code": "public_domain",
    "attribution": null,
    "license_url": null,
    "chunk_id": "1911:aventail:36aa84a690a6",
    "title": "AVENTAIL",
    "section": null,
    "hash_alg": "sha256",
    "hash_sha256": "9796f2fc341d8e7d0b40f9821b9f0ba440f45333f79d4602df7d0b2d301026bb",
    "normalizer": {
        "name": "ggnorm",
        "version": "1.0"
    },
    "verified_text": "aventail, or avantaille (o. fr. _esventail_, presumably from a latin word _exventaculum_, air-hole), the mouthpiece of an old-fashioned helmet, movable to admit the air. aventinus (1477-1534), the name taken by johann turmair, author of the _annales boiorum_, or _annals of bavaria_, from aventinum, the latin name of the town of abensberg, where he was born on the 4th of july 1477. having studied at ingolstadt, vienna, cracow and paris, he returned to ingolstadt in 1507, and in 1509 was appointed tutor to louis and ernest, the two younger sons of albert the wise, the late duke of bavaria-munich. he retained this position until 1517, wrote a latin grammar, and other manuals for the use of his pupils, and in 1515 travelled in italy with ernest. encouraged by william iv., duke of bavaria, he began to write the _annales boiorum_, about 1517, and finishing this book in 1521, undertook a german version of it, entitled _bayersche chronik_, which he completed some years later. he assisted to found the _sodalitas litteraria angilostadensis_, under the auspices of which several old manuscripts were brought to light. although aventinus did not definitely adopt the reformed faith, he sympathized with the reformers and their teaching, and showed a strong dislike for the monks. on this account he.was imprisoned in 1528, but his friends soon effected his release. the remainder of his life was somewhat unsettled, and he died at regensburg on the 9th of january 1534. the _annales_, which are in seven books, deal with the history of bavaria in conjunction with general history from the earliest times to 1460, and the author shows a strong sympathy for the empire in its struggle with the papacy. he took immense pains with his work, and to some degree anticipated the modern scientific method of writing history. the _annales_ were first published in 1554, but many important passages were omitted in this edition, as they reflected on the roman catholics. a more complete edition was published at basel in 1580 by nicholas cisner. aventinus, who has been called the \"bavarian herodotus,\" wrote other books of minor importance, and a complete edition of his works was published at munich (1881-1886). more recently a new edition (six vols.) has appeared. see t. wiedemann, _johann turmair gen. aventinus_ (freising, 1858); w. dittmar, _aventin_ (noerdlingen, 1862); j. von doellinger, _aventin und seine zeit_ (munich, 1877); s. riezler, _zum schutze der neuesten edition von aventins annalen_ (munich, 1886); f. x. von wegele, _aventin_ (bamberg, 1890). [v.03 p.0054] aventurine, or avanturine, a variety of quartz containing spangles of mica or scales of iron-oxide, which confer brilliancy on the stone. it is found chiefly in the ural mountains, and is cut for ornamental purposes at ekaterinburg. some of the siberian aventurine, like that of the vase given by nicholas i. to sir r. murchison, in 1843, is a micaceous iron-stained quartz, of but little beauty. most aventurine is of reddish brown or yellow colour, but a green variety, containing scales of fuchsite or chrome-mica, is also known. this green aventurine, highly valued by the chinese, is said to occur in the bellary district in india. aventurine felspar, known also as sun-stone (_q.v._) is found principally at tvedestrand in south norway, and is a variety of oligoclase enclosing micaceous scales of haematite. other kinds of felspar, even orthoclase, may however also show the aventurine appearance. both plagioclastic and orthoclastic aventurine occur at several localities in the united states. the mineral aventurine takes its name from the well-known aventurine-glass of venice. this is a reddish brown glass with gold-like spangles, more brilliant than most of the natural stone. the story runs that this kind of glass was originally made accidentally at murano by a workman, who let some copper filings fall into the molten \"metal,\" whence the product was called _avventurino_. from the murano glass the name passed to the mineral, which displayed a rather similar appearance. (f. w. r.*) avenue (the past participle feminine of fr. _avenir_, to come to), a way of approach; more particularly, the chief entrance-road to a country house, with rows of trees on each side; the trees themselves are said to form the avenue. in modern times the word has been much used as a name for streets in towns, whether with or without trees, such as fifth avenue in new york, or shaftesbury avenue in london.",
    "source_url": "https://archive.org/details/EB1911WMF",
    "observed_at": "2026-02-08 18:42:21",
    "integrity": {
        "hash_check": "match",
        "hash_scope": "full_normalized_text",
        "computed_sha256": "9796f2fc341d8e7d0b40f9821b9f0ba440f45333f79d4602df7d0b2d301026bb"
    },
    "machine_use": {
        "read": true,
        "cite": true,
        "decision": "verified_public_domain_text"
    },
    "goguides_data_license": "https://www.goguides.com/data-license",
    "goguides_data_license_version": "2.0",
    "documentation": {
        "white_paper_url": "https://www.goguides.com/white-paper.php",
        "pdf_url": "https://www.goguides.com/whitepapers/goguides-ai-source-clearance-white-paper.pdf"
    }
}