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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:aurich:4189eedff06c",
    "title": "AURICH",
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    "verified_text": "aurich, a town of germany, in the prussian province of hanover, chief town of the district of east friesland, on the ems-jade canal, 18 m. n.w. from emden by rail. pop. (1900) 6013. it is built in the dutch style, and lies in a sandy but fertile plain, surrounded by pleasant promenades which have taken the place of the old fortifications. it has a palace, formerly the residence of the counts of east friesland and now used as government offices, a roman catholic and two protestant churches, a gymnasium, and four libraries. there are breweries and small manufactories of paper and tobacco. close by is the _upstallsboom_, the hill of oath and liberty, where every year at whitsuntide representatives of the seven frisian coast lands assembled to deliberate. see wiarda, _bruchstucke zur geschichte der stadt aurich_ (emden, 1835). auricle (from lat. diminutive of _auris_, ear), the external ear in animals, or an analogous part in plants, &c. from a supposed resemblance to the ear of a dog, the term was applied to the upper cavities of the heart. the adjective \"auricular\" is more specially used in the phrase \"auricular confession\" (see confession), i.e. private. auricula (_primula auricula_), an alpine plant, which has been an inmate of british gardens for about three hundred years, and is still prized by florists as a favourite spring flower. it loves a cool soil and shady situation. the florists' varieties are grown in rich composts, for the preparation of which numberless receipts have been given; but many of the old nostrums are now exploded, and a more rational treatment has taken their place. thus mr douglas writes (_hardy florists' flowers_):-- \"there is no mystery, as some suppose, about the potting, any more than there is about the potting material. the compost should consist of turfy loam four parts, leaf-mould one part, sharp river or silver sand one part, and a few bits of broken charcoal mixed with it. the pots to be used should be from 3 to 4-1/2 in. in diameter, inside measure; about 1 in. of potsherds should be placed in the bottom of each pot, and over this some fibrous turf, from which the fine particles of earth have been removed. the old soil should be shaken from the roots of the plants to be potted; and before potting cut off, if necessary, a portion of the main root. in potting press the soil rather firmly around the roots.\" auriculas are best grown in a cold frame mounted on legs about 2 ft. from the ground, and provided with hinged sashes. a graduated stage formed of wood battens 6 in. broad, with a rise of 2 in., should be fixed so as to take each one row of pots, with the plants standing at about 15 in. from the glass; the spaces between the shelves should be closed, while the top board of the back and the front should be hinged so as to be let down when desired for ventilation, the sashes, too, being movable for the same purpose, and also to afford facilities for examining and attending to the plants. this frame should face the north from may to october, and south in winter. no protection will be needed except in very severe frosts, when two or three thicknesses of garden mats may be thrown over the glass, and allowed to remain on until the soil is thawed, should it become frozen. auriculas may be propagated from seed, which is to be sown as soon as ripe, in july or august, in boxes, kept under cover, and exposed only to the rays of the morning sun. when seed has been saved from the finer sorts, the operation is one of considerable nicety, as it not unfrequently happens that the best seedlings are at first exceedingly weak. they generally flower in the second or third year, a few good sorts being all that can be expected from a large sowing. the established varieties are increased by taking off the offshoots, an operation performed at the time of potting in july or the beginning of august. but some varieties are very shy in producing offsets. the original of the auricula is a hardy perennial herb, of dwarf habit, bearing dull yellowish blossoms. this and the commoner forms raised from seed, as well as one or two double forms, are interesting hardy border flowers. the choice florists' varieties are divided into five classes:--the _green-edged_, with the margins of the flowers green; the _grey-edged_, with the green margins powdered with meal so as to appear to be coloured grey; the _white-edged_, with the mealy powder so dense as to cover the green; the _selfs_, which have none of the green variegation of margin seen in the foregoing, but are of some distinct colour, as purple, maroon, &c., but have, like the preceding, a white paste surrounding the eye; and the _alpines_, which resemble the selfs in not having any green marginal variegation, but differ in having a yellow centre more or less dense. the individual flowers of the first three groups of florists' auriculas show four distinct circles:--first the eye or tube, which should have the stamens lying in it, but sometimes has the pin-headed stigma instead, which is a defect; second, the paste or circle of pure white surrounding the eye; third, the body colour, a circle of some dark tint, as maroon or violet, which feathers out more or less towards the edge, but is the more perfect the less it is so feathered, and is quite faulty if it breaks through to the outer circle; fourth, the margin, which is green or grey or white. these circles should be about equal in width and clearly defined, and the nearer they are to this standard the more perfect is the flower. in the group of selfs the conditions are the same, except that there is no margin, and consequently the body colour, which should be uniform in tone, extends to the edge. in the alpines there should be no paste or white surrounding the eye, but this space should be either golden-yellow or creamy-yellow, which makes two subdivisions in this group; and the body colour is more or less distinctly shaded, the edges being of a paler hue. there is besides a group of laced alpines, in which a distinct and regular border of colour surrounds each of the marginal lobes. the following is a selection of the best varieties cultivated in 1909:-- _green-edged._--abbe liszt, abraham barker, shirley hibberd, prince charming, mrs henwood. _grey-edged._--amy robsart, george lightbody, marmion, olympus, george rudd, richard headly. _white-edged._--acme, conservative, heather bell, mrs dodson, rachel, smiling beauty. _selfs._--andrew miller, gerald, mikado, mrs phillips, mrs potts, harrison weir. _alpines._--argus, dean hole, duke of york, firefly, flora mclvor, mrs douglas, mrs markham, perfection, phyllis, rosy morn, the bride, teviotdale. aurifaber (the latinized form of goldschmidt), a surname borne by three prominent men of the reformation period in germany. 1. andreas (1514-1559) was a physician of some repute, but through his influence with albert of brandenburg, last grand-master of the teutonic order, and first protestant duke of prussia, became an outstanding figure in the controversy associated with andreas osiander (q.v.) whose daughter he had married. 2. joannes (vratislaviensis; 1517-1568), the younger brother of andreas, was born at breslau on the 30th of january 1517, and educated at wittenberg, where he formed a close and lasting friendship with melanchthon. after graduating in 1538 he spent twelve years as _docent_ at the university, and having then received his doctorate of divinity, was appointed professor of divinity and pastor of the church of st nicholas at rostock. he distinguished himself by his conciliatory disposition, earned the special confidence of duke john albert of mecklenburg, and took a leading part in 1552 in drawing up the constitution of the mecklenburg church. he also settled some religious disputes in the town of lubeck. in 1553 duke albert of prussia, anxious to heal the differences in the prussian church caused by the discussion of osiander's doctrines, invited him to konigsberg, and in the following year appointed him professor of divinity and president of the samland diocese. joannes, however, found it impossible to conciliate all parties, and in 1565 returned to breslau, where, in 1567, he became pastor in the church of st elizabeth and inspector of the lutheran churches and schools. he died on the 19th of october 1568. 3. joannes (vinariensis; 1519-1575), was born in the county of mansfeldt in 1519. he studied at wittenberg where he heard the lectures of luther, and afterwards became tutor to count mansfeldt. in the war of 1544-45 he accompanied the army as field-preacher, and then lived with luther as his _famulus_ or private secretary, being present at his death in 1546. in the following year he spent six months in prison with john frederick, elector of saxony, who had been captured by the emperor, charles v. he held for some years the office of court-preacher at weimar, but owing to theological disputes was compelled to resign this office in 1561. in 1566 he was appointed to the lutheran church at erfurt, and there remained till his death in november 1575. besides taking a share in the first collected or jena edition of luther's works (1556), aurifaber sought out and published at eisleben in 1564-1565 several writings not included in that edition. he also published luther's _letters_ (1556, 1565), and _table talk_ (1566). this popular work, which has given him most of his fame, is unfortunately but a second or third hand compilation. see g. kawerau's art. in herzog-hauck's _realencyk. fur prot. theologie_, and the literature there cited. auriga (the \"charioteer\" or \"waggoner\"), in astronomy, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, found in the catalogues of eudoxus (4th century b.c.) and aratus (3rd century b.c.). it was symbolized by the greeks as an old man in a more or less sitting posture, with a goat and her kids in his left hand, and a bridle in his right. the ancient greeks associated this constellation with many myths. some assume it to be erichthonius, son of athena and hephaestus, who was translated to the skies by zeus on account of his invention of chariots or coaches. others assume it to be myrtilus, a son of hermes and clytic, and charioteer to oenomaus, who was placed in the heavens by hermes. another myth has it to be olenus, a son of hephaestus, and father of aega and helice, two nymphs who nursed zeus. ptolemy catalogued fourteen stars, tycho brahe twenty-seven, and hevelius forty in this constellation. interesting stars are: [alpha] _aurigae_ or _capella_ (the goat), one of the brightest stars in the heavens, determined by newall and campbell to be a spectroscopic binary; [beta] _aurigae_, a star of the second magnitude also a spectroscopic binary; [epsilon] _aurigae_, an irregularly variable star; and _nova aurigae_, a \"new\" star discovered by anderson in 1892, and afterwards found on a photographic plate exposed at harvard in december 1891. several fine star clusters also appear in this constellation.",
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