AUBER

auber, daniel francois esprit (1782-1871), french musical composer, the son of a paris printseller, was born at caen in normandy on the 29th of january 1782. destined by his father to the pursuits of trade, he was allowed, nevertheless, to indulge his fondness for music, and learnt to play at an early age on several instruments, his first teacher being the tirolean composer, i.a. ladurner. sent at the age of twenty to london to complete his business training, he was obliged to leave england in consequence of the breach of the treaty of amiens (1804). he had already attempted musical composition, and at this period produced several _concertos pour basse_, in the manner of the violoncellist, lamarre, in whose name they were published. the praise given to his concerto for the violin, which was played at the conservatoire by mazas, encouraged him to undertake the resetting of the old comic opera, _julie_ (1811). conscious by this time of the need of regular study of his chosen art, he placed himself under the severe training of cherubini, by which the special qualities of the young composer were admirably developed. in 1813 he made his _debut_ in an opera in one act, the _sejour militaire_, the unfavourable reception of which put an end for some years to his attempts as composer. but the failure in business and death of his father, in 1819, compelled him once more to turn to music, and to make that which had been his pastime the serious employment of his life. he produced another opera, the _testament et les billets-deux_ (1819), which was no better received than the former. but he persevered, and the next year was rewarded by the complete success of his _bergere chatelaine_, an opera in three acts. this was the first in a long series of brilliant successes. in 1822 began his long association with a.e. scribe, who shared with him, as librettist, the success and growing popularity of his compositions. the opera of _leicester_, in which they first worked together (1823), is remarkable also as showing evidences of the influence of rossini. but his own style was an individual one, marked by lightness and facility, sparkling vivacity, grace and elegance, clear and piquant melody--characteristically french. in _la muette de portici_, familiarly known as _masaniello_, auber achieved his greatest musical triumph. produced at paris in 1828, it rapidly became a european favourite, and its overture, songs and choruses were everywhere heard. the duet, "amour sacre de la patrie," was welcomed like a new _marseillaise_; sung by nourrit at brussels in 1830, it became the signal for the revolution which broke out there. of auber's remaining operas (about 50 in all) the more important are: _le macon_ (1825), _la fiancee_ (1829), _fra diavolo_ (1830), _lestocq_ (1834), _le cheval de bronze_ (1835), _l'ambassadrice_ (1836), _le domino noir_ (1837), _le lac des fees_ (1839), _les diamants de la couronne_ (1841), _haydee_ (1847), _marco spada_ (1853), _manon lescaut_ (1856), and _la fiancee du roi des garbes_ (1864). official and other dignities testified the public appreciation of auber's works. in 1829 he was elected member of the institute, in 1830 he was named director of the court concerts, and in 1842, at the wish of louis philippe, he succeeded cherubini as director of the conservatoire. he was also a member of the legion of honour from 1825, and attained the rank of commander in 1847. napoleon iii. made auber his imperial maitre de chapelle in 1857. one of auber's latest compositions was a march, written for the opening of the international exhibition in london in 1862. his fascinating manners, his witty sayings, and his ever-ready kindness and beneficence won for him a secure place in the respect and love of his fellow-citizens. he remained in his old home during the german siege of paris, 1870-71, but the miseries of the communist war which followed sickened his heart, and he died in paris on the 13th of may 1871. see adolph kohut, "auber," vol. xvii. of _musiker biographien_ (leipzig, 1895). aubergine (diminutive of fr. _auberge_, a variant of _alberge_, a kind of peach), or egg plant (_solanum melongena_, var. _ovigerum_), a tender annual widely cultivated in the warmer parts of the earth, and in france and italy, for the sake of its fruits, which are eaten as a vegetable. the seed should be sown early in february in a warm pit, where the plants are grown till shifted into 8-in. or 10-in. pots, in well-manured soil. liquid manure should be given occasionally while the fruit is swelling; about four fruits are sufficient for one plant. the french growers sow them in a brisk heat in december, or early in january, and in march plant them out four or eight in a hot-bed with a bottom heat of from 60 deg. to 68 deg., the sashes being gradually more widely opened as the season advances, until at about the end of may they may be taken off. the two main branches which are allowed are pinched to induce laterals, but when the fruits are set all young shoots are taken off in order to increase their size. the best variety is the large purple, which produces oblong fruit, sometimes reaching 6 or 7 in. in length and 10 or 12 in. in circumference. the fruit of the ordinary form almost exactly resembles the egg of the domestic fowl. it is also grown as an ornamental plant, for covering walls or trellises; especially the black-fruited kind.