ATTERBURY

atterbury, francis (1662-1732), english man of letters, politician and bishop, was born in the year 1662, at milton or middleton keynes in buckinghamshire, a parish of which his father was rector. he was educated at westminster school and at christ church, oxford, where he became a tutor. in 1682 he published a translation of _absalom and ahithophel_ into latin verse; but neither the style nor the versification was that of the augustan age. in english composition he succeeded much better. in 1687 he published _an answer to some considerations on the spirit of martin luther and the original of the reformation_, a reply to obadiah walker, who, elected master of university college in 1676, had printed in a press set up by him there an attack on the reformation, written by abraham woodhead. atterbury's treatise, though highly praised by bishop burnet, is perhaps more distinguished for the vigour of his rhetoric than for the soundness of his arguments, and the papists were so much galled by his sarcasms and invectives that they accused him of treason, and of having, by implication, called king james a judas. after the revolution, atterbury, though bred in the doctrines of non-resistance and passive obedience, readily swore fealty to the new government. he had taken holy orders in 1687, preached occasionally in london with an eloquence which raised his reputation, and was soon appointed one of the royal chaplains. but he ordinarily resided at oxford, where he was the chief adviser and assistant of dean aldrich, under whom christ church was a stronghold of toryism. thus he became the inspirer of his pupil, charles boyle, in the attack (1698) on the whig scholar, richard bentley (q.v.), arising out of bentley's impugnment of the genuineness of the _epistles of phalaris_. he was figured by swift in the _battle of the books_ as the apollo who directed the fight, and was, no doubt, largely the author of boyle's essay. bentley spent two years in preparing his famous reply, which proved not only that the letters ascribed to phalaris were spurious, but that all atterbury's wit, eloquence and skill in controversial fence was only a cloak for an audacious pretence of scholarship. atterbury was soon occupied, however, in a dispute about matters still more important and exciting. the rage of religious factions was extreme. high church and low church divided the nation. the great majority of the clergy were on the high church side; the majority of king william's bishops were inclined to latitudinarianism. in 1700 convocation, of which the lower house was overwhelmingly tory, had not been suffered to meet for ten years. this produced a lively controversy, into which atterbury threw himself with characteristic energy, publishing a series of treatises written with much wit, audacity and acrimony. by the mass of the clergy he was regarded as the most intrepid champion that had ever defended their rights against the oligarchy of erastian prelates. in 1701 he was rewarded with the archdeaconry of totnes and a prebend in exeter cathedral. the lower house of convocation voted him thanks for his services; the university of oxford created him a doctor of divinity; and in 1704, soon after the accession of anne, while the tories still had the chief weight in the government, he was promoted to the deanery of carlisle. soon after he had obtained this preferment the whig party came into power. from that party he could expect no favour. six years elapsed before a change of fortune took place. at length, in the year 1710, the prosecution of sacheverell produced a formidable explosion of high church fanaticism. at such a moment atterbury could not fail to be conspicuous. his inordinate zeal for the body to which he belonged, his turbulent and aspiring temper, his rare talents for agitation and for controversy, were again signally displayed. he bore a chief part in framing that artful and eloquent speech which the accused divine pronounced at the bar of the lords, and which presents a singular contrast to the absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honoured with impeachment. during the troubled and anxious months which followed the trial, atterbury was among the most active of those pamphleteers who inflamed the nation against the whig ministry and the whig parliament. when the ministry had been changed and the parliament dissolved, rewards were showered upon him. the lower house of convocation elected him prolocutor, in which capacity he drew up, in 1711, the often-cited _representation of the state of religion_; and, in august 1711, the queen, who had selected him as her chief adviser in ecclesiastical matters, appointed him dean of christ church on the death of his old friend and patron aldrich. at oxford he was as conspicuous a failure as he had been at carlisle, and it was said by his enemies that he was made a bishop because he was so bad a dean. under his administration christ church was in confusion, scandalous altercations took place, and there was reason to fear that the great tory college would be ruined by the tyranny of the great tory doctor. in 1713 he was removed to the bishopric of rochester, which was then always united with the deanery of westminster. still higher dignities seemed to be before him. for, though there were many able men on the episcopal bench, there was none who equalled or approached him in parliamentary talents. had his party continued in power it is not improbable that he would have been raised to the archbishopric of canterbury. the more splendid his prospects the more reason he had to dread the accession of a family which was well known to be partial to the whigs, and there is every reason to believe that he was one of those politicians who hoped that they might be able, during the life of anne, to prepare matters in such a way that at her decease there might be little difficulty in setting aside the act of settlement and placing the pretender on the throne. her sudden death confounded the projects of these conspirators, and, whatever atterbury's previous views may have been, he acquiesced in what he could not prevent, took the oaths to the house of hanover, and did his best to ingratiate himself with the royal family. but his servility was requited with cold contempt; and he became the most factious and pertinacious of all the opponents of the government. in the house of lords his oratory, lucid, pointed, lively and set off with every grace of pronunciation and of gesture, extorted the attention and admiration even of a hostile majority. some of the most remarkable protests which appear in the journals of the peers were drawn up by him; and, in some of the bitterest of those pamphlets which called on the english to stand up for their country against the aliens who had come from beyond the seas to oppress and plunder her, critics easily detected his style. when the rebellion of 1715 broke out, he refused to sign the paper in which the bishops of the province of canterbury declared their attachment to the protestant succession, and in 1717, after having been long in indirect communication with the exiled family, he began to correspond directly with the pretender. in 1721, on the discovery of the plot for the capture of the royal family and the proclamation of king james, atterbury was arrested with the other chief malcontents, and in 1722 committed to the tower, where he remained in close confinement during some months. he had carried on his correspondence with the exiled family so cautiously that the circumstantial proofs of his guilt, though sufficient to produce entire moral conviction, were not sufficient to justify legal conviction. he could be reached only by a bill of pains and penalties. such a bill the whig party, then decidedly predominant in both houses, was quite prepared to support, and in due course a bill passed the commons depriving him of his spiritual dignities, banishing him for life, and forbidding any british subject to hold intercourse with him except by the royal permission. in the lords the contest was sharp, but the bill finally passed by eighty-three votes to forty-three. atterbury took leave of those whom he loved with a dignity and tenderness worthy of a better man, to the last protesting his innocence with a singular disingenuousness. after a short stay at brussels he went to paris, and became the leading man among the jacobite refugees there. he was invited to rome by the pretender, but atterbury felt that a bishop of the church of england would be out of place at the vatican, and declined the invitation. during some months, however, he seemed to stand high in the good graces of james. the correspondence between the master and the servant was constant. atterbury's merits were warmly acknowledged, his advice was respectfully received, and he was, as bolingbroke had been before him, the prime minister of a king without a kingdom. he soon, however, perceived that his counsels were disregarded, if not distrusted. his proud spirit was deeply wounded. in 1728 he quitted paris, fixed his residence at montpelier, gave up politics, and devoted himself entirely to letters. in the sixth year of his exile he had so severe an illness that his daughter, mrs morice, herself very ill, determined to run all risks that she might see him once more. she met him at toulouse, received the communion from his hand, and died that night. atterbury survived the severe shock of his daughter's death two years. he even returned to paris and to the service of the pretender, who had found out that he had not acted wisely in parting with one who, though a heretic, was the most able man of the jacobite party. in the ninth year of his banishment he published a luminous, temperate and dignified vindication of himself against john oldmixon, who had accused him of having, in concert with other christ church men, garbled the new edition of clarendon's _history of the rebellion_. the charge, as respected atterbury, had not the slightest foundation; for he was not one of the editors of the _history_, and never saw it till it was printed. a copy of this little work he sent to the pretender, with a letter singularly eloquent and graceful. it was impossible, the old man said, that he should write anything on such a subject without being reminded of the resemblance between his own fate and that of clarendon. they were the only two english subjects who had ever been banished from their country and debarred from all communication with their friends by act of parliament. but here the resemblance ended. one of the exiles had been so happy as to bear a chief part in the restoration of the royal house. all that the other could now do was to die asserting the rights of that house to the last. a few weeks after this letter was written atterbury died, on the 22nd of february 1732. his body was brought to england, and laid, with great privacy, under the nave of westminster abbey. no inscription marks his grave. it is agreeable to turn from atterbury's public to his private life. his turbulent spirit, wearied with faction and treason, now and then required repose, and found it in domestic endearments, and in the society of the most illustrious literary men of his time. of his wife, katherine osborn, whom he married while at oxford, little is known; but between him and his daughter there was an affection singularly close and tender. the gentleness of his manners when he was in the company of a few friends was such as seemed hardly credible to those who knew him only by his writings and speeches. though atterbury's classical attainments were not great, his taste in english literature was excellent; and his admiration of genius was so strong that it overpowered even his political and religious antipathies. his fondness for milton, the mortal enemy of the stuarts and of the church, was such as to many tories seemed a crime; and he was the close friend of addison. his favourite companions, however, were, as might have been expected, men whose politics had at least a tinge of toryism. he lived on friendly terms with swift, arbuthnot and gay. with prior he had a close intimacy, which some misunderstanding about public affairs at last dissolved. pope found in atterbury not only a warm admirer, but a most faithful, fearless and judicious adviser. see f. williams, _memoirs and correspondence of atterbury with notes_, &c. (1869); _stuart papers_, vol. i.: _letters of atterbury to the chevalier st george_, &c. (1847); j. nichols, _epistolary correspondence_, &c. (1783-1796); and h.c. beeching, _francis atterbury_, (1909). attestation (lat. _adtestare, attestare_, to bear witness, _testis_, a witness), the verification of a deed, will or other instrument by the signature to it of a witness or witnesses, who endorse or subscribe their names under a memorandum, to the effect that it was signed or executed in their presence. the essence of attestation is to show that at the execution of the document there was present some disinterested person capable of giving evidence as to what took place. the clause at the end of the instrument, immediately preceding the signatures of the witnesses to the execution, and stating that they have witnessed it, is known as the attestation clause. in scots law, the corresponding clause is called the testing-clause (see deed; will or testament; witness). atthis (an adjective meaning "attic"), the name given to a monograph or special treatise on the religious and political history, antiquities and topography of attica and athens. during the 4th and 3rd centuries b.c., a class of writers arose, who, making these subjects their particular study, were called atthidographi, or compilers of atthides. the first of these was clidemus or clitodemus (about 378 b.c.); the last, ister of cyrene (died 212 b.c.); the most important was philochorus (first half of the 3rd century b.c.), of whose work considerable fragments have been preserved. the names of the other atthidographi known to us are phanodemus, demon, androtion, andron, melanthius. they laid no claim to literary skill; their style was monotonous and soon became wearisome. they were in fact chroniclers or annalists--not historians. their only object was to set down, in plain and simple language, all that seemed worthy of note in reference to the legends, history, constitution, religion and civilization of attica. they followed the order of the olympiads and archons, and their work was supported by the authority of original documents, monuments and inscriptions. their writings were much used by historians, as well as by the scholiasts and grammarians. fragments in muller, _fragmenta historicorum graecorum_, i. attic (i.e. "in the attic style"), an architectural term given to the masonry rising above the main cornice of a building, the earliest example known being that of the monument of thrasyllus at athens. it was largely employed by the romans, who in their arches of triumph utilized it for inscriptions or for bas-relief sculpture. it was used also to increase the height of enclosure walls such as those of the forum of nerva. by the italian revivalists it was utilized as a complete storey, pierced with windows, as found in palladio's work at vicenza and in greenwich hospital. the largest attic in existence is that which surmounts the entablature of st peter's at rome, which measures 39 ft. in height. the term is also employed in modern terminology to designate an upper storey in a roof, and the feature is sometimes introduced to hide a roof behind.