ASIA

semitic.--polyglotts.--thurneissius, berolini, 1585, fol.: thorndike, london, 1635, fol.: schindler, pentaglotton, frankf, ad m. 1653, fol.: hottinger, heptaglotton, ib. 1661, fol.: castellus, london, 1669, fol. 2 vols. (hebrew, chaldaic, syriac, samaritan, aethiopic and arabic in one alphabet; persian separately. it occupied him for seventeen years, during which he worked sixteen to eighteen hours a day): otho, frankf. a. m. 1702, 4to (the same languages with rabbinical). hebrew.--about 875, zemah, head of the school of pumbeditha, wrote a talmudical dictionary of words and things, arranged in alphabetical order, which is lost. about 880, jehudah ben 'alan, of tiberias, and jehudah ibn koreish, of tahurt, in morocco wrote hebrew dictionaries. saadia ben joseph (born 892, died 942), of fayum, in upper egypt, wrote [hebrew: kefer igaron], probably a hebrew-arabic dictionary. menahem ben jacob ibn sar[=u]q (born 910, died about 970), of tortosa and cordova, wrote a copious hebrew dictionary, first printed by herschell f. filipowski, edinburgh, 1855, 8vo, from five mss. david ben abraham, of f[=a]s, wrote, in arabic, a large hebrew dictionary, the ms. of which, a quarto of 313 leaves on cotton paper, was found about 1830 by a. firkowitz, of eupatoria, in the cellar of a qaraite synagogue in jerusalem. the age of this work cannot be ascertained. about 1050, ali ben suleiman wrote a dictionary in arabic, on the plan of that of david ben abraham. the ms. of 429 leaves belongs to firkowitz. haja ben sherira, the famous teacher of the academy of pumbeditha, wrote a hebrew dictionary in arabic, called _al h[=a]vi_ (the gathering), arranged alphabetically in the order of the last radical letter. this dictionary is lost, as well as that of the spaniard isaac ben saul, of lucena. iona ibn ganah, of cordova, born about 985, wrote a hebrew dictionary in arabic called _kit[=a]b al azul_ (book of roots). this, as well as a hebrew translation by samuel ibn tab[=o]n, is extant in ms., and was used by gesenius in his _thesaurus_. rabbi david ben joseph kimhi died soon after 1232. his lexicon of roots, called [hebrew: shorashim], was printed at naples 1490, fol.; constantinople, 1513, fol.; naples, 1491, 8vo; venice, 1552; berolini, 1838, 4to. _tishbi_ (the tishbite), by elijah ben asher, the levite, so called because it contained 712 roots, was printed at isny 1541, 8vo and 4to, and often afterwards. latin.--munster, basileae, 1523, 8vo; 5 editions to 1564: zamora, compluti, 1526, fol.: pellicanus, argentorati, 1540, fol.: reuchlin, basil, 1556, fol.: avenarius, wittebergae, 1568, fol.; auctus, 1589: pagnini, lugd. bat. 1575, fol.; 1577; genevae, 1614; buxtorf, basil. 1607, 8vo; 1615, and many other editions: frey (lat.-eng.), 2nd ed. london, 1815, 8vo: gesenius, _thesaurus_, leipz. 1829-1858, 4to, 3 vols. english.--bale, london, 1767, 4to: parkhurst, ib. 1792, 4to: lee, ib. 1840, 8vo: gesenius, translated by robinson, ib. 1844, 8vo; by tregelles, ib. 1846, 4to: fuerst, 4th ed. transl. by davidson, ib. 1866, 8vo: 1871, 8vo, 1547 pages. french.--leigh, amst. 1703, 4to: glaire, paris, 1830, 8vo; 1843. german.--gesenius, leipzig, 1810-1812, 8vo, 2 vols.: fuerst, ib. 1842, 16mo: ib. 1876, 8vo, 2 vols. italian.--modena, venetia, 1612, 4to; 1640; coen, reggio, 1811, 8vo: fontanella, venezia, 1824, 8vo. dutch.--waterman, rotterdam, 1859, &c., 8vo. hungarian.--ehrentheil (pentateuch), pest, 1868, 8vo. romaic.--loundes, melite. 1845, 8vo, 987 pages. rabbinical and chaldee.--nathan ben yehiel of rome wrote in the beginning of the 12th century a talmudic dictionary, _aruch_, printed 1480 (?), s. l., fol.; pesaro, 1517, fol.; venice, 1531; and often: isaiah ben loeb, berlin, wrote a supplement to _aruch_, vol. i. breslau, 1830, 8vo; vol. ii. ([hebrew: l] to [hebrew: t]), wien, 1859, 8vo: munster, basil. 1527, 4to, 1530, fol.: elijah ben asher, the levite, transl. by fagius, isnae, 1541, fol.; venet. 1560: david ben isaac de pomis, _zamah david_, venet. 1587, fol.: buxtorf, basileae, 1639, fol.: ed. fischer, leipz. 1866-1875, 4to: otho, geneva, 1675, 8vo; altona, 1757, 8vo: zanolini, patavii, 1747, 8vo: hornheim, halle, 1807, 8vo: landau, prag, 1819-1824, 8vo, 5 vols.: dessauer, erlangen, 1838, 8vo: nork (i.e. korn), grimma, 1842, 4to: schonhak, warschau, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols. targums.--levy, leipzig, 1866-68 4to, 2 vols.; 1875: id. (eng.), london, 1869, 8vo, 2 vols. talmud.--lowy (in heb.), wien, 1863, 8vo: levy, leipzig, 1876, &c., 4to. prayer-book.--hecht, kreuznach, 1860, 8vo: nathan, berlin, 1854, 12mo. synonyms.--pantavitius, lodevae, 1640, fol. foreign words.--rabeini, lemberg, 1857, 8vo, &c. jewish-german.--callenberg, halle, 1736, 8vo: vollbeding, hamburg, 1808, 8vo: stern, munchen, 1833, 8vo, 2 vols.: theile, berlin, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: ave-lallemant, _das deutsche gaunerthum_, leipzig, 1858, 8vo, 4 vols.; vol. iv. pp. 321-512. ph[oe]nician.--m. a. levy, breslau, 1864, 8vo. samaritan.--crinesius, altdorphi, 1613, 4to: morini, parisiis, 1657, 12mo: hilligerus, wittebergae, 1679, 4to: cellarius, cizae, 1682, 4to; frankof. 1705: uhlemann, leipsiae, 1837, 8vo: nicholls, london, 1859, 8vo. assyrian.--norris, london, 1868, 8vo, 3 vols. proper names.--menant, paris, 1861, 8vo. accadian.--lenormant, paris, 1875, 8vo. syriac.--joshua ben ali, a physician, who lived about 885, made a syro-arabic lexicon, of which there is a ms. in the vatican. hoffmann printed this lexicon from alif to mim, from a gotha ms., kiel, 1874, 4to. joshua bar bahlul, living 963, wrote another, great part of which castelli put into his lexicon. his ms. is now at cambridge, and, with those at florence and oxford, was used by bernstein. elias bar shinaya, born 975, metropolitan of nisibis, 1009, wrote a syriac and arabic lexicon, entitled _kit[=a]b [=u]t tarjuman fi taalem loghat es s[=u]ri[=a]n_ (book called the interpreter for teaching the language of the syrians), of which there is a ms. in the british museum. it was translated into latin by thomas a novaria, a minorite friar, edited by germanus, and published at rome by obicinus, 1636, 8vo. it is a classified vocabulary, divided in 30 chapters, each containing several sections. crinesius, wittebergae, 1612, 4to: buxforf, basileae, 1622, 4to: ferrarius, romae, 1622, 4to: trost, cothenis anhaltor, 1643, 4to: gutbir, hamburgi, 1667, 8vo: schaaf, lugd. bat, 1708, 4to: zanolini, patavii, 1742, 4to: castellus, ed. michaelis, gottingen, 1788, 4to, 2 vols.: bernstein, berlin, 1857, &c. fol.: smith (robt. paine), dean of canterbury, oxonii, 1868, &c. fol.: fasc. 1-3 contain 538 pages: zingerle, romae, 1873, 8vo, 148 pages. arabic.--the native lexicons are very many, voluminous and copious. in the preface to his great arabic-english lexicon, lane describes 33, the most remarkable of which are-the _'ain_, so called from the letter which begins its alphabet, commonly ascribed to al khalil (who died before a.h. 175 [a.d. 791], aged seventy-four): the _sihah_ of jauhari (died 398 [1003]): the _mohkam_ of ibn sidah the andalusian, who was blind, and died a.h. 458 [a.d. 1066], aged about sixty: the _asas_ of zamakhshari (born 467 [1075], died 538 [1144]), "a most excellent repertory of choice words and phrases": the _lis[=a]n el 'arab_ of ibn mukarram (born 630 [1232], died 711 [1311]); lane's copy is in 28 vols. 4to: the _kamus_ (the sea) of fairuzabadi (born 729 [1328], died 816 [1413]),: the _taj el arus_, by murtada ez zebadi (born a.d. 1732, died 1791)--the copy made for lane is in 24 vols. thick 4to. the _sihah_ was printed hardervici getorum, 1774, 4to; bulak, 1865, fol. 2 vols.: _kamus_, calcutta, 1817, fol. 2 vols.; bombay, 1855, fol. 920 pages: _sirr el lagal_, by farish esh shidiac, tunis, fol. 609 pages: _muh[=i]t al muh[=i]t_, by beitrus al bustani beirut, 1867-1870, 2 vols. 4to, 2358 pages (abridged as _katr al muhit_, ib. 1867-1869, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken arabic. persian.--the _surah_, by jumal, calcutta, 1812-1815, 2 vols. 4to: _samachsharii lexicon_, ed. wetzstein, leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850: _muntakhal al loghat_, calcutta, 1808; ib. 1836; lucknow, 1845; bombay, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.: _muntaha l'arabi_, 4 vols. fol. 1840: _shams al loghat_, bombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages. turkish.--_achteri kabir_, constantinople. 1827, fol.: _el kamus_, ib. 1816, fol. 3 vols.; translated by acan effendi, bulak, fol. 3 vols.; _el sihah_, translated by al vani, constantinople, 1728, fol. 2 vols.: 1755-1756; scutari, 1802, fol. 2 vols. latin.--raphelengius, leiden, 1613, fol.: giggeius, mediolani, 1632, fol. 4 vols.: golius lugd. bat. 1653, fol. (the best before lane's): jahn, vindobonae, 1802, 8vo: freytag, halle, 1830-1838, 4 vols. 4to; abridged, ib. 1837, 4to. english.--catafago (arab.-eng. and eng.-arab.), london, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1873, 8vo: lane, london, 1863-1893 (edited after lane's death, from 1876, by his grandnephew, stanley lane-poole. the arabic title is _medd el kamoos_, meaning either the flow of the sea, or the extension of the kamus. it was undertaken in 1842, at the suggestion and at the cost of the 6th duke of northumberland, then lord prudhoe, by mr lane, who returned to egypt for the purpose, and lived in cairo for seven years to study, and obtain copies of, the great ms. lexicons in the libraries of the mosques, few of which had ever been seen by a european, and which were so quickly disappearing through decay, carelessness and theft, that the means of composing such a work would not long have existed). newman (modern), ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols. 856 pages. french.--ruphy (fr.-ar.), paris, 1802, 4to: bochtor (do.), paris, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. ib. 1850: roland de bussy (algiers, fr.-ar.), alger, 1835, 16mo: id., 1836, 8vo; 1839: berggren (fr.-vulg. ar., syria and egypt.), upsala, 1844, 4to: farhat (germanos), revu par rochaid ed dahdah, marseille, 1849, 4to: biberstein kasimirski, paris, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1853-1856; 1860, 2 vols. 3032 pages: marcel (vulgar dialects of africa), paris, 1830; 1835, 8vo; 1837; enlarged, 1869, 8vo; paulmier (algeria), 2nd ed. paris, 1860, 8vo, 931 pages; 1872: bernard (egypt), lyon, 1864, 18mo: cuche, beirut, 1862, 8vo; 1867: nar bey (a. calfa), 2nd ed. paris, 1872, 12mo, 1042 pages: cherbonneau (written language), paris, 1876, 2 vols. 8vo: id. (fr.-ar.), paris, 1872, 8vo: beausier (algiers, tunis, legal, epistolary), alger, 1871, 4to, 764 pages; 1873. german.--seyfarth (algeria), grimma, 1849, 16mo: wolff (mod. ar.), leipzig, 1867, 8vo: wahrmund (do.), giessen, 1870-1875, 8vo, 4 vols. italian.--germano, roma, 1636, 8vo; (ar. lat. it.), romae, 1639, fol.: _dizionario_, bulak. 1824, 4to: schiaparelli, firenze, 1871, 4to, 641 pages. spanish.--alcala, grenada, 1505, 4to: canes, madrid, 1787, fol. 3 vols. sufi technical terms.--abd errahin, ed. sprenger, calcutta, 1845, 8vo. technical terms of the mussulman sciences.--abd al hagg and gholam kadir, calcutta, 1853-1862, 4to, 1593 pages. medical terms.--pharaon and bertherand, paris, 1860, 12mo. materia medica.--muhammed abd allah shirazi, _ulfaz udwiyeh_, translated by gladwin (eng. pers. hindi), calcutta, 1793, 4to, 1441 words. noms des vetements.--dozy, amst. 1845, 8vo. worter in entgegengesetzten bedeutungen.--redslob, gottingen, 1873, 8vo. koran.--willmet (also in haririum et vitam timuri), lugd. bat. 1784, 4to; amst. 1790: fluegel, _concordantia_, leipz. 1842, 4to: penrice, _dictionary and glossary_, london, 1873, 4to. el tabrizi's logic.--mir abufeth (french), bulak, 1842, 8vo. maltese.--vassali, romae, 1796, 4to: falzon (malt. ital. eng.), malta, _s.a._ 8vo: vella, livorno, 1843, 8vo. armenian.--mechitar, venice, 1749-1769, 4to, 2 vols.: avedichiam, surmelian and aucher (aukerian), ib. 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols.: aucher, ib. 1846, 4to. polyglot.--villa (arm.-vulg., litteralis, lat. indicae et gallicae), romae, 1780. greek and latin.--lazarists, venice, 1836-1837, 4to, 2 vols. 2217 pages. latin.--rivola, mediolani, 1621, fol.: nierszesovicz, romae, 1695, 4to; villotte, ib. 1714, fol.: mechitar, venetiae, 1747-1763, 4to, 2 vols. english.--aucher, venice, 1821-1825, 4to, 2 vols. french.--aucher, venise, 1812-1817, 8vo, 2 vols.; (fr.-arm. turc.), ib. 1840, 4to: eminian, vienna, 1853, 4to: calfa, paris, 1861, 8vo, 1016 pages; 1872. italian.--ciakciak, venezia, 1837, 4to. russian.--khudobashev [khutapashian], moskva, 1838, 8vo, 2 vols. russ. arm.--adamdarov, ib. 1821, 8vo: popov, ib. 1841, 8vo, 2 vols. modern words.--riggs, smyrna, 1847, 8vo. georgian.--paolini (ital.), roma, 1629, 4to: klaproth (fr.), paris, 1827, 8vo: tshubinov (russian, french), st petersburg, 1840, 4to; 1846, 8vo, 2 vols. 1187 pages. circassian.--loewe, london, 1854, 8vo. ossetic.--sjorgen, st petersb. 1844, 4to. kurd.--garzoni, roma, 1787, 8vo: lerch (german), st petersburg, 1857, 8vo: id. (russian), ib. 1856-1858, 8vo. persian.--_burhani qatiu_, arranged by j. roebuck, calcutta, 1818, 4to: _burhan i kati_, bulak, 1836, fol.: muhammed kazim, tabriz, 1844, fol.: _haft kulzum_ (the seven seas), by ghazi ed din haidar, king of oude, lucknow, 1822, fol. 7 vols. arabic.--_shums ul loghat_, calcutta, 1806, 4to, 2 vols. turkish.--ibrahim effendi, _farhangi shu'uri_, ib. 1742, fol. 2 vols. 22,530 words, and 22,450 poetical quotations: _burhan kati_, by ibn kalif, translated by ahmed asin aintabi, ib. 1799, fol.; bulak, 1836, fol.: hayret effendi, ib. 1826, 8vo. armenian.--douzean, constantinople, 1826, fol. bengali.--jay gopal, serampore, 1818, 8vo. latin.--vullers (zend appendix), bonnae ad rhen, 1855-1868, 4to, 2 vols. 2544 pages; supplement of roots, 1867, 142 pages. english.--gladwin, malda in bengal, 1780, 4to; calcutta, 1797: kirkpatrick, london, 1785, 4to: moises, newcastle, 1794, 4to: rousseau, london, 1802, 8vo; 1810: richardson (arab, and pers.), ib. 1780-1800, fol. 2 vols.; ed. wilkins, ib. 1806-1810, 4to, 2 vols.; ed johnson, ib. 1829, 4to: ramdhen sen, calcutta, 1829, 8vo; 1831: tucker (eng.-pers.), london, 1850, 4to: johnson (pers. and arab.), ib. 1852, 4to: palmer, ib. 1876, 8vo, 726 pages. french.--handjeri (pers. arab. and turkish), moscou, 1841, 4to, 3 vols. 2764 pages: berge, leipzig, 1869, 12mo. german.--richardson, translated by wahl as _orientalische bibliotheque_, lemg, 1788-1792, 8vo, 3 vols. italian.--angelus a s. josepho [i.e. labrosse] (ital. lat. fr.), amst. 1684, fol. old persian.--(cuneiform), benfey (german), leipzig, 1847, 8vo: spiegel (id.), ib. 1862, 8vo: kossovich (latin), petropoli, 1872, 8vo. zend.--justi, leipzig, 1864, 4to: vullers, persian lexicon, appendix: lagarde, leipzig, 1868, 8vo. pahlavi.--_an old pahlavi and pazend glossary_, translated by destur hoshengi jamaspji, ed. haug, london, 1867, 8vo; 1870, 8vo: west, bombay, 1874, 8vo. indian terms.--_the indian vocabulary_, london, 1788, 16mo: gladwin, calcutta, 1797, 4to: roberts, london, 1800, 8vo: rousseau, ib. 1802, 8vo: roebuck (naval), ib. 1813, 12mo: c. p. brown, _zillah dict._, madras, 1852, 8vo: robinson (bengal courts), calcutta, 1854, 8vo; 1860: wilson, london, 1855, 4to: fallon, calcutta, 1858, 8vo. sanskrit.--amarasimha (lived before a.d. 1000), _amarakosha_ calcutta, 1807, 8vo; ib. 1834, 4to; bombay, 1860, 4to; lucknow, 1863, 4to; madras, 1870, 8vo, in grantha characters; cottayam, 1873, 8vo, in malaylim characters; benares, 1867, fol. with _amaraviveka_, a commentary by mahesvara: rajah radhakanta deva, _sabdakalpadruma_, calcutta, 1821-1857, 4to, 8 vols. 8730 pages: 2nd ed. 1874, &c.: bhattachdrya, _sabdastoma mahanidhi_, calcutta, 1869-1870, 8vo, parts i.-vii. 528 pages: _abhidhanaratnamala_, by halayudha, ed. aufrecht, london, 1861, 8vo: vachaspatya, by taranatha tarkavachaspati, calcutta, 1873, &c., 4to (parts i.-vii., 1680 pages). bengali.--_sabdasindhu_, calcutta, 1808: _amarakosa_, translated by ramodoyu bidjalunker, calcutta, 1831, 4to: mathurana tarkaratna, _sabdasandarbhasindhu_, calcutta, 1863, 4to. marathi.--ananta sastri talekar, poona, 1853, 8vo, 495 pages: madhava chandora, bombay, 1870, 4to, 695 pages. telugu.--_amarakosha_, madras, 1861, ed. kala, with _gurubalala prabodhika_, a commentary, ib. 1861, 4to; with the same, ib. 1875, 4to, 516 pages; with _amarapadaparijata_ (sans. and tel.), by vavilla ramasvani sastri, ib. 1862, 4to; ib. 1863, 8vo; 3rd ed. by jaganmohana tarkalankara and khetramohana, 1872, &c., parts i.-iv. 600 pages: suria pracasa row, _sarva-sabda-sambodhini_, ib. 1875, 4to, 1064 pages. tibetan and mongol.--schiefner, _buddhistische triglotte_, st petersburg, 1859, fol., the _vyupatti_ or _mahavyupatti_ from the _tanguir_, vol. 123 of the sutra. latin.--paulinus a sancto bartholomeo, amarasinha, sectio i. de coelo, romae, 1798, 4to: bopp. berlin, 1828-1830, 4to; 2nd ed. 1840-1844; 3rd, 1866, 4to. english.--_amarakosha_, trans. by colebrooke, serampore, 1808, 4to; 1845, 8vo: rousseau, london, 1812, 4to: wilson, calcutta, 1819, 4to; 2nd ed. 1832: ed. goldstucker, berlin, 1862, &c., folio, to be in 20 parts: yates, calcutta, 1846, 4to: benfey, london, 1865, 8vo: ram jasen, benares, 1871, 8vo, 713 pages: williams, oxford, 1872, 4to. english-sanskrit.--williams, london, 1851, 4to. french.--amarakosha, transl. by loiseleur deslongchamps, paris, 1839-1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 796 pages: burnouf and leupol, nancy, 1863-1864, 8vo. german.--bohtlingk and roth, st petersb. 1853, &c., 4to, 7 vols. to 1875. italian.--gubernatis, torino, 1856, &c. 8vo, unfinished, 2 parts. russian.--kossovich, st petersburg, 1859, 8vo. roots.--wilkins, london, 1815, 4to: rosen, berolini, 1827, 8vo: westergaard, bonnae, 1840-1841, 8vo: vishnu parasurama sastri pandita (sans. and marathi), bombay, 1865, 8vo: taranatha tarkavachaspati, _dhatupadarsa_, calcutta, 1869, 8vo: leupol, paris, 1870, 8vo. synonyms.--_abhidhanacintamani_, by hemachadra, ed. colebrooke, calcutta, 1807, 8vo; translated by bohtlingk and rieu (german), st petersburg, 1847, 8vo. homonyms.--medinikara, _medinikosha_, benares, 1865, 4to; calcutta, 1869, 8vo; ib. 1872, 8vo. derivatives.--hirochand and rooji rangit, _dhatumanjari_, bombay, 1865, 8vo. technical terms of the nyaya philosophy.--_nyayakosa_, by bhimacharya jhalakikar (sanskrit), bombay, 1875, 8vo, 183 pages. rig veda.--grassmann, leipzig, 1873-1875, 8vo. bengali.--manoel, lisboa, 1743, 8vo: forster, calcutta, 1799-1802, 4to, 2 vols. 893 pages: carey, serampore, 1815-1825, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. marshman, ib. 1827-1828, 8vo, 2 vols.; 3rd ed. ib. 1864-1867, 8vo; abridged by marshman, ib. 1865, 8vo; ib. 1871, 8vo, 2 vols. 936 pages: morton, calcutta, 1828, 8vo: houghton, london, 1833, 4to: adea, _shabdabudhi_, calcutta, 1854, 604 pages. english.--ram comul sen, ib. 1834, 4to, 2 vols.; london, 1835, 4to: d'rozario, calcutta, 1837, 8vo: adea, _abhidan_, calcutta, 1854, 761 pages. english lat.--ramkissen sen, ib. 1821, 4to. eng.-beng. and manipuri.--[gordon], calcutta, 1837, 8vo. canarese.--reeve, madras, 1824-1832, 4to, 2 vols.; ed. sanderson, bangalore, 1858, 8vo, 1040 pages; abridged by the same, 1858, 8vo, 276 pages: _dictionarium canarense_, bengalori, 1855, 8vo: _school dictionary_, mangalore, 1876, 8vo, 575 pages. dardic languages.--leitner (astori, ghilghiti, chilasi, and dialects of shina, viz. arnyia, khajuna and kalasha), lahore, 1868, 4to. guzarati.--(english) mirza mohammed cauzim, bombay, 1846, 4to; shapurji edalji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 896 pages: karsandas mulji, ib. 1868, 8vo, 643 pages. hindi.--rousseau, london, 1812, 4to: adam, calcutta, 1829, 8vo: thompson, ib. 1846, 8vo: j. d. bate, london, 1876, 8vo, 809 pages. english.--adam, calcutta, 1833, 8vo. english, urdu and hindi.--mathuraprasada mirsa, benares, 1865, 8vo, 1345 pages. hindustani.--ferguson, london, 1773, 4to: gilchrist, calcutta, 1800, 8vo; ed. hunter, edinb. 1810; lond. 1825: taylor, calcutta, 1808, 4to, 2 vols.: gladwin (persian and hind.), calcutta, 1809, 8vo, 2 vols.: shakespeare, london, 1817, 4to; 1820; 1834; 1849: forbes, london, 1847, 8vo; 1857: bertrand (french), paris, 1858, 8vo: brice, london, 1864, 12mo: fallon, banaras, 1876, &c., to be in about 25 parts and 1200 pages. english.--gilchrist, 1787-1780, 4to, 2 parts: thompson, serampore, 1838, 8vo. kashmiri.--elmslie, london, 1872, 12mo. khassia.--roberts, calcutta, 1875, 12mo. malayalim.--fabricius and breithaupt, weperg, 1779, 4to: bailey, cottayam, 1846, 8vo: gundert, mangalore, 1871, 8vo, 1171 pages. marathi.--carey, serampore, 1810, 8vo: kennedy, bombay, 1824, fol.: jugunnauth shastri kramavant, bombay, 1829-1831, 4to, 3 vols.: molesworth, ib. 1831, 4to; 2nd ed. 1847, 4to; ed. candy, bombay, 1857, 4to, 957 pages; abridged by baba padmanji, ib. 1863, 8vo; 2nd ed. (abridged), london, 1876, 8vo, 644 pages. english.--molesworth, bombay, 1847, 4to. oriya.--mohunpersaud takoor, serampore, 1811, 8vo: sutton, cuttack, 1841-1848, 8vo, 3 vols. 856 pages. pali.--clough, colombo, 1824, 8vo: moggallana thero (a sinhalese priest of the 12th century), _abhidhanappika_ (pali, eng. sinhalese), ed. waskeduwe subheti, colombo, 1865, 8vo: childers, london, 1872-1875, 8vo, 658 pages. roots.--silavansa, _dhatumanjusa_ (pali sing. and eng.), colombo, 1872, 8vo. prakrit.--delius, _radices_, bonnae ad rh., 1839, 8vo. punjabi.--starkey, 1850, 8vo; lodiana mission, lodiana, 1854-1860, 444 pages. pushtu or afghan.--dorn, st petersb. 1845, 4to: raverty, london, 1860, 4to; 2nd ed. ib. 1867, 4to: bellew, 1867, 8vo. sindhi.--eastwick, bombay, 1843, fol. 73 pages: stack, ib. 1855, 8vo, 2 vols. sinhalese.--clough, colombo, 1821-1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: callaway (eng., portuguese and sinhalese), ib. 1818, 8vo: id., _school dictionary_, ib. 1821, 8vo: bridgenell (sinh.-eng.), ib. 1847, 18mo: nicholson (eng.-sinh.), 1864, 32mo, 646 pages. tamil.--provenza (portug.), ambalacotae, 1679, 8vo: _sadur agurardi_, written by beschi in 1732, madras, 1827, fol.; pondicherry, 1875, 8vo: blin (french), paris, 1834, 8vo: rottler, madras, 1834-1841, 4to, 4 vols.: jaffna book society (tamil), jaffna, 1842, 8vo, about 58,500 words: knight and spaulding (eng. tam.), ib. 1844, 8vo; _dictionary_, ib. 1852, 4to: pope, 2nd ed. ib. 1859, 8vo: winslow, madras, 1862, 4to, 992 pages, 67,452 words. telugu.--campbell, madras, 1821, 4to: c. p. brown, madras (eng.-tel.), 1852, 8vo, 1429 pages: id. (tel.-eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo, 1319 pages. mixed telugu.--id., ib. 1854, 8vo. thuggee.--sleeman, calcutta, 1830, 8vo, 680 ramasi words. indo-chinese languages.--leyden, _comparative vocabulary of barma, malaya and thai_, serampore, 1810, 8vo. _annamese_: rhodes (portug. and lat.), romae, 1651, 4to: pigneaux and taberd, fredericinagori, 1838, 4to; legrand de la liraye, paris, 1874, 8vo: pauthier (chin. ann.-fr. lat.), paris, 1867, &c., 8vo. _assamese_: mrs cutter, saipur, 1840, 12 mo; bronson, london, 1876, 8vo, 617 pages. _burmese_: hough (eng.-burm.), serampore, 1825, moulmain, 1845, 8vo, 2 vols. 955 pages: judson, calcutta, 1826, 8vo; (eng. burm.), moulmain, 1849, 4to; (burm. eng.), ib. 1852, 8vo; 2nd ed., rangoon, 1866, 8vo, 2 vols. 968 pages: lane, calcutta, 1841, 4to. _cambodian_: aymonier (fr.-camb.), saigon, 1874, 4to; id. (camb.-fr.), ib. 1875, fol. _karen_: sau-kau too (karen), tavoy, 1847, 12mo, 4 vols.: mason, tavoy, 1840, 4to. _sgau-karen_: wade, ib. 1849, 8vo. _siamese (thai)_: pallegoix (lat. french, eng.), paris, 1854, 4to: _dictionarium latinum thai_, bangkok, 1850, 4to, 498 pages. malay.--latin.--haex, romae, 1631, 4to; batavia, 1707. dutch.--houtmann (malay and malagasy), amst. 1603, 4to; 1673; 1680; 1687; 1703; batavia, 1707: wiltens and dankaarts, gravenhage, 1623, 4to; amst. 1650; 1677; batavia, 1708, 4to: heurnius, amst. 1640, 4to: gueynier, batavia, 1677, 4to; 1708: loder, ib. 1707-1708, 4to: van der worm, ib. 1708, 4to: roorda van eysinga (low), ib. 1824-1825, 8vo, 2 vols.; 12th ed. 's gravenhage, 1863, 8vo; id. (hof, volks en lagen taal), ib. 1855, 8vo: dissel and lucardie (high malay), leiden, 1860, 12mo: pijnappel, amst. 1863, 8vo: badings, schoonhoven, 1873, 8vo. english.--houtmann (malay and malagasy), translated by a. spaulding, london, 1614, 4to: bowrey, ib. 1701, 4to: howison, ib. 1801, 4to: marsden, ib. 1812, 4to: thomsen, malacca, 1820, 8vo; 1827: crawford, london, 1851, 8vo, 2 vols. french.--boze, paris, 1825, 16mo: elout (dutch-malay and french-malay), harlem, 1826, 4to: bougourd, le havre, 1856, 8vo: richard, paris, 1873, 8vo, 2 vols.: favre, vienna, 1875, 8vo, 2 vols. malay archipelago.--_batak_: van der tuuk, amsterdam, 1861, 8vo, 564 pages. _bugis_: mathes, gravenh. 1874, 8vo, 1188 pages: thomsen (eng.-bugis and malay), singapore, 1833, 8vo. _dyak_: hardeland (german), amst. 1859, 8vo, 646 pages. _javanese_: senerpont domis, samarang, 1827, 4to, 2 vols.: roorda van eysinga, kampen, 1834-1835, 8vo, 2 vols.: gericke, amst. 1847, 8vo; ed. taco roorda, ib. 1871, &c. parts i.-v., 880 pages: jansz and klinkert, samarang, 1851, 8vo; 1865: favre (french), vienne, 1870, 8vo. _macassar_: matthes, amst. 1859, 8vo, 951 pages. sunda: de wilde (dutch, malay and sunda), amsterdam, 1841, 8vo: rigg (eng.), batavia, 1862, 4to, 573 pages. _formosa_: happart (favorlang dialect, written about 1650), parrapattan, 1840, 12mo. philippines.--_bicol_: marcos, sampaloc, 1754, fol. _bisaya_: sanchez, manila, 1711, fol.: bergano, ib. 1735, fol.: noceda, ib. 1841: mentrida (also hiliguena and haraya) ib. 1637, 4to; 1841, fol. 827 pages: felis de la encarnacion, ib. 1851, 4to, 2 vols. 1217 pages. _ibanac_: bugarin, ib. 1854, 4to. _ilocana_, carro, ib. 1849, fol. _pampanga_: bergano, ib. 1732, fol. _tagala_: santos, toyabas, 1703, fol.; ib. 1835, 4to, 857 pages: noceda and san lucar, manila, 1754, fol.; 1832. chinese.--native dictionaries are very numerous. many are very copious and voluminous, and have passed through many editions. _shwo wan_, by hu shin, is a collection of the ancient characters, about 10,000 in number, arranged under 540 radicals, published 150 b.c., usually in 12 vols.: _yu pien_, by ku ye wang, published a.d. 530, arranged under 542 radicals, is the basis of the chinese japanese dictionaries used in japan: _ping tseu loui pien_, peking, 1726, 8vo, 130 vols.: _pei wan yun fu_ (thesaurus of literary phrases), 1711, 131 vols. 8vo, prepared by 66 doctors of the han lin academy in seven years. it contains 10,362 characters, and countless combinations of two, three or four characters, forming compound words and idioms, with numerous and copious quotations. according to williams (_on the word shin_, p. 79), an english translation would fill 140 volumes octavo of 1000 pages each. _kanghi tsze tien_ (kanghi's standard or canon of the character), the dictionary of kanghi, the first emperor of the present dynasty, was composed by 30 members of the han lin, and published in 1716, 40 vols. 4to, with a preface by the emperor. it contains 49,030 characters, arranged under the 214 radicals. it is generally in 12 vols., and is universally used in china, being the standard authority among native scholars for the readings as well as the meanings of characters. latin.--de guignes (french, lat.), paris, 1813, fol.; klaproth, supplement, 1819; ed. bazil (latin), hong-kong, 1853, 4to: goncalves (lat.-chin.), macao, 1841, fol.: callery, _systema phoneticum_, macao, 1841, 8vo: schott, _vocabularium_, berlin, 1844, 4to. english.--raper, london, 1807, fol. 4 vols.: morrison, macao, 1815-1823, 4to, 3 parts in 6 vols.: medhurst, batavia, 1842-1843, 8vo, 2 vols.: thom, canton, 1843, 8vo: lobscheid, hong-kong, 1871, 4to: williams, shanghai, 1874, 4to. eng. chinese.--morrison, part iii.: williams, macao, 1844, 8vo: medhurst, shanghai, 1847-1848, 8vo, 2 vols.: hung maou, _tung yung fan hwa_ (common words of the red-haired foreigners), 1850, 8vo. doolittle, foochow, 1872, 4to, vol. i. 550 pages. french,--callery, _dict. encyclopedique_, macao and paris, 1845 (radicals 1-20 only): m. a. h., 1876, 8vo, autographie, 1730 pages. french-chin.--perny (fr.-latin, spoken mandarin), paris, 1869, 4to; appendice, 1770; lemaire and giguel, shanghai, 1874, 16mo. portuguese.--goncalves (port.-chin.), macao, 1830, 8vo, 2 vols.: id. (chin.-port.), ib. 1833, 8vo. idioms.--giles, shanghai, 1873, 4to. phrases.--yaou pei-keen, _luy yih_, 1742-1765, 8vo, 55 vols.: tseen ta-hin, _shing luy_, 1853, 8vo, 4 vols. classical expressions.--keang yang and 30 others, _sze shoo teen lin_, 1795, 8vo, 30 vols. elegant expressions.--chang ting yuh, _fun luy tsze kin_, 1722, 8vo, 64 vols. phrases of three words.--julien (latin), paris, 1864, 8vo. poetical.--_pei wan she yun_, 1800, 8vo, 5 vols. proper names.--f. porter smith (china, japan, corea, annam, &c., chinese-eng.), shanghai, 1870, 8vo. topography.--williams, canton, 1841, 8vo. names of towns.--biot, paris, 1842, 8vo. ancient characters.--foo lwantseang, _luh shoo fun luy_, 1800, 8vo, 12 vols. seal character.--heu shin, _shwo wan_, ed. seu heuen, 1527, 8vo, 12 vols. running hand.--st aulaire and groeneveld (square characters, running hand; running, square), amst. 1861, 4to, 117 pages. technical terms (in buddhist translations from sanskrit)--yuen ying, _yih 'see king pin e_, 1848, 8vo. dialects.--_amoy_: douglas, london, 1873, 4to, 632 pages: macgowan, hong-kong, 1869, 8vo. _canton_: yu heo-poo and wan ke-shih, _keang hoo chih tuh fun yun tso yaou ho tseih_, canton, 1772, 8vo, 4 vols.; 1803, 8vo, 4 vols.; fuh-shan, 1833, 8vo, 4 vols.: morrison, macao, 1828, 8vo: wan ke shih, canton, 1856, 8vo: williams (tonic, eng.-chinese), canton, 1856, 8vo: chalmers, hong-kong, 1859, 12mo; 3rd ed. 1873, 8vo. _changchow in fuhkeen_: seay sew-lin, _ya suh tung shih woo yin_, 1818, 8vo, 8 vols.; 1820. _foo-chow_: tseih (a japanese general) and lin peih shan, _pa yin ho ting_, ed. tsin gan, 1841, 8vo: maclay and baldwin, foochow, 1870, 8vo, 1123 pages. _hok-keen_: medhurst, macao, 1832, 4to: _peking_, stent, shanghai, 1871, 8vo. corean.--chinese, corean and japanese.--_cham seen wo kwo tsze mei_, translated by medhurst, batavia, 1835, 8vo. russian.--putzillo, st petersburg, 1874, 12mo, 746 pages. japanese.--_sio ken zi ko_ (examination of words and characters), 1608, 8vo, 10 vols.: _wa kan won se ki sio gen zi ko_, lithographed by siebold, lugd. bat., 1835, fol. jap.-chinese.--_faga biki set yo siu_. chinese-jap.--_kanghi tse tein_, 30 vols. 12mo: _zi rin gioku ben_. dutch dictionaries printed by japanese.--_nieeu verzameld japansch en hollandsch woordenbock_, by the interpreter, b. sadayok, 1810: minamoto masataka, prince of nakats (jap. chinese-dutch), 5 vols. 4to, printed at kakats by his servants: _jedo-halma_ (dutch-jap.), jedo, 4to, 20 vols.: _nederduitsche taal_, dutch chinese, for the use of interpreters. latin and portuguese.--calepinus, _dictionarium_, amacusa, 1595, 4to. latin.--collado, _compendium_, romae, 1632, 4to: _lexicon_, romae, 1870, 4to, from calepinus. english.--medhurst, batavia, 1830, 8vo: hepburn, shanghai, 1867, 8vo; 1872. eng.-jap.--hori tatnoskoy, yedo, 1862, 8vo; 2nd ed. yeddo, 1866, 8vo: satow and ishibashi masakata (spoken language), london, 1876, 8vo. french.--rosny (jap. fr. eng.), paris, 1857, 4to, vol. i.: pages, paris, 1869, 4to, translated from calepinus. fr.-jap.--soutcovey, paris, 1864, 8vo. fr. eng. jap.--mermet de cachon, paris, 1866, 8vo, unfinished. german.--pfizmaier (jap.-ger., eng.), wien, 1851, 4to, unfinished. spanish.--_vocabulario del japon_, manila, 1630, 4to, translated from the next. portuguese.--_vocabulario da lingua de japam_, nagasaki, 1603, 4to. russian.--goshkevich, st petersburg, 1857, 8vo, 487 pages. chinese characters with japanese pronunciation.--rosny, paris, 1867, 8vo. chinese and japanese names of plants.--hoffmann, leyde, 1864, 8vo. aino.--pfizmaier, wien, 1854, 4to. northern and central asia.--_buriat_: castren, st petersburg, 1857, 8vo. _calmuck_: zwick, villingen, 1853, 4to: smirnov, kazan, 1857, 12mo: jugl, _siddhi kur_, leipzig, 1866, 8vo. _chuvash_: clergy of the school of the kazan eparchia, kazan, 1836, 8vo, 2481 words: lyule (russ.-chuv. french), odessa, 1846, 8vo, 244 pages: zolotnitski, kazan, 1875, 8vo, 287 pages. _jagatai_: mir ali shir, _abuska_, ed. vambery, with hungarian translation, pesth, 1862, 8vo: vambery, leipzig, 1867, 8vo: pavet de courteille, paris, 1870, 8vo. _koibal and karagas_: castren, st petersburg, 1857, 8vo. _manchu_: _yutchi tseng ting tsing wen kian_ (manchu chinese), 1771, 4to, 6 vols.: _sze li hoh pik wen kian_ (manchu-mongol, tibetan, chinese) 10 vols. 4to, the chinese pronunciation represented in manchu: _san hoh pien lan_ (manchu-chinese, mongol), 1792, 8vo, 12 vols.;--all three classed vocabularies: langles (french), paris, 1789-1790, 4to, 3 vols.: gabelentz (german), leipzig, 1864, 8vo: zakharov (russian), st petersburg, 1875, 8vo, 1235 pages: _mongol_: i. j. schmidt (german, russian), st petersburg, 1835, 4to: schergin, kazan, 1841, 8vo: kovalevski, kasan, 1844-1849, 4to, 3 vols. 2703 pages. _ostiak_: castren, st petersb. 1858, 8vo. _samoyed_: castren, st petersb. 1855, 8vo, 308 pages. tartar: giganov (tobolsk), st petersburg, 1804, 4to; (russ.-tartar), ib. 1840, 4to: troyanski (karan), kasan, 1835-1855, 4to. _tibetan_: _minggi djamtoo_ (tibet-mongol): _bodschi dajig togpar lama_: _kad shi schand scharwi melonggi jige_ (manchu-mongol-tibetan-chinese), kanghi's dictionary with the tibetan added in the reign of khian lung (1736-1795); csoma de koros (eng.), calcutta, 1834, 4to: i. j. schmidt (german), st petersburg, 1841, 4to: id. (russian), ib. 1843, 4to: jaeschke (eng.), london, 1870, 8vo, 160 pages: id. (germ.), gnadau, 1871, 658 pages: (bhotanta), schroeter, serampore, 1826, 4to. _tungusian_: castren, st petersburg, 1856, 8vo, 632 pages. _uigur_: vambery, innspruck, 1870, 4to. _yakut_: bohtlingk, ib. 1854, 4to, 2 vols. _yenissei ostiak_: castren, ib. 1849, 8vo.