ARTUSI

artusi, giovanni maria, italian composer and musical theorist, was born in bologna, and died on the 18th of august 1613. he was _canonico regulare_ at the church of san salvatore in his native city. he is chiefly famous in the history of music for his attacks upon monteverde (q.v.) embodied in his _l'artusi overo d. imp._ (1600). for an exhaustive explanation and a translation of excerpts from these the studies of dr g. vogel and o. riemann should be consulted. these will be found in the _vierteljahrsschrift fur musikwissenschaft_, leipzig, vol. 3, pp. 326, 380 and 426. aru islands (dutch _aroe_), a group in the residency of amboyna, dutch east indies; between 5 deg. 18' and 7 deg. 5' s., and 134 deg. and 135 deg. e.; the member nearest to the south-west coast of new guinea lying about 70 m. from it. the larger islands (wokan, kobrur, maikor and trangan), and certain of the lesser ones, are regarded by the malays as one land mass which they call _tana besar_ ("great land"). this is justified inasmuch as its parts are only isolated by narrow creeks of curious form, having the character of rivers. the smaller islands number some eighty; the total land area is 3244 sq. m.; and the population about 22,000. the islands are low, but it is only on the coast that the ground is swampy. the principal formation is coralline limestone; the eastern coast is defended by coral reefs, and the neighbouring sea (extending as far as new guinea, and thus demonstrating a physical connexion with that land) is shallow, and abounds in coral in full growth. a large part of the surface is covered with virgin forest, consisting of screw-pines, palm trees, tree ferns, canariums, &c. the fauna is altogether papuan. the natives are also papuans, but of mixed blood. they are divided into two confederations, the uli-luna and the uli-sawa, which are hostile to each other. the houses are remarkable as being built on piles sunk in the solid rock and having two rooms, the one surrounding the other. the people are in manners complete savages. the natives are governed by rajas (_orang kajas_), the dutch government being represented by a _posthouder._ in the interior is said to exist a tribe--the korongoeis--with white skins and fair hair, but it has never been seen by travellers. a few villages are nominally christian, and the malays have introduced mahommedanism, but most of the natives have no religion. dobbo, on a small western island, is the chief place; its resident population is reinforced annually, at the time of the west monsoon, by traders from that quarter, who deal in the tripang, pearl shell, tortoise-shell, and other produce of the islands.