ARTEGA

artega, a tribe of african "arabs," said to be descendants of a sheik of that name who came from hadramut in pre-islamic days, settling near tokar. the name is said to be "patrician," and the artega may be regarded as the most ancient stock in the suakin district. they are now an inferior mixed race. they were all followers of the mahdi and khalifa in the sudan wars (1883-1898). see _anglo-egyptian sudan_, edited by count gleichen (london, 1905). artel (russ. for "gang"), the name for the co-operative associations in russia. originally, the artels were true examples of productive co-operation, bodies of working-men associating together for the purpose of jointly undertaking some piece of work, and dividing the profits. this original form of artel still survives among the fishermen of archangel. artels have come, however, to be little more than trade gilds, with mutual responsibility. (for details see russia.) artemidorus. (1) a geographer "of ephesus" who flourished about 100 b.c. after studying at alexandria, he travelled extensively and published the results of his investigations in a large work on general geography ([greek: ta geographoumena]) in eleven books, much used by strabo and others. the original work is lost, but we possess many small fragments and larger fragments of an abridgment made by marcianus of heracleia (5th century), which contains the periplus of the euxine and accounts of bithynia and paphlagonia. (see muller, _geographi graeci minores_; bunbury, _history of ancient geography_; stiehle, "der geograph artemidoros von ephesos," in _philologus_, xi., 1856). (2) a soothsayer and interpreter of dreams, who flourished in the 2nd century a.d., during the reigns of hadrian and the antonines. he called himself daldianus from his mother's birthplace, daldis in lydia, in order to make its name known to the world. his [greek: oneirokritica], or interpretation of dreams, was said to have been written by command of apollo daldianus, whose initiated votary he was. it is in four books, with an appendix containing a collection of prophetic dreams which had been realized. the first three books, addressed to cassius maximus, a phoenician rhetorician (perhaps identical with maximus of tyre), treat of dreams and divination generally; the fourth--with a reply to his critics--and the appendix are dedicated to his son, also named artemidorus and an interpreter of dreams. artemidorus boasts of the trouble expended on his work; he had read all the authorities on dreams, travelled extensively, and conversed with all who had studied the subject. the work is valuable as affording an insight into ancient superstitions. according to suidas, artemidorus also wrote on augurs and cheiromancy, but all trace of these works is lost. (editions: reiff, 1805, hercher, 1864; translation and notes, krauss, 1881; english translation by wood, 1644, and later editions.)