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    "source_title": "Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)",
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    "chunk_id": "1911:arno:a95fb89baa8e",
    "title": "ARNO",
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    "verified_text": "arno, arn or aquila (c. 750-821), bishop and afterwards archbishop of salzburg, entered the church at an early age, and after passing some time at freising became abbot of elnon, or st amand as it was afterwards called, where he made the acquaintance of alcuin. in 785 he was made bishop of salzburg and in 787 was employed by tassilo iii., duke of the bavarians, as an envoy to charlemagne at rome. he appears to have attracted the notice of the frankish king, through whose influence in 798 salzburg was made the seat of an archbishopric; and arno, as the first holder of this office, became metropolitan of bavaria and received the pallium from pope leo iii. the area of his authority was extended to the east by the conquests of charlemagne over the avars, and he began to take a prominent part in the government of bavaria. he acted as one of the _missi dominici_, and spent some time at the court of charlemagne, where he was known by the assembled scholars as aquila, and his name appears as one of the signatories to the emperor's will. he established a library at salzburg, furthered in other ways the interests of learning, and presided over several synods called to improve the condition of the church in bavaria. soon after the death of charlemagne in 814, arno appears to have withdrawn from active life, although he retained his archbishopric until his death on the 24th of january 821. aided by a deacon named benedict, arno drew up about 788 a catalogue of lands and proprietary rights belonging to the church in bavaria, under the title of _indiculus_ or _congestum arnonis_. an edition of this work, which is of considerable value to historical students, was published at munich in 1869 with notes by f. keinz. many other works were produced under the protection of arno, among them a salzburg consuetudinary, an edition of which appears in _quellen und erorterungen zur bayrischen und deutschen geschichte_, band vii., edited by l. rockinger (munich, 1856). it has been suggested by w. von giesebrecht that arno was the author of an early section of _annales laurissenses majores_, which deals with the history of the frankish kings from 741 to 829, and of which an edition appears in _monumenta germaniae historica. scriptores_, band i. pp. 128-131, edited by g.h. pertz (hanover, 1826). if this supposition be correct, arno was the first extant writer to apply the name _deutsch_ (_theodisca_) to the german language. arno (anc. _arnus_), a river of italy which rises from the monte falterona, about 25 m. e.n.e. of florence, 4265 ft. above the sea. it first runs s.s.e. through a beautiful valley, the casentino; near arezzo it turns w., and at montevarchi n.n.w.; 10 m. below it forces its way through the limestone rock at incisa and 10 m. farther on, at pontassieve, it is joined by the sieve. thence it runs westward to florence and through the gorge of golfolina onwards to empoli and pisa, receiving various tributaries in its course, and falls into the sea 7-1/2 m. west of pisa, after a total course of 155 m. in prehistoric times the river ran straight on along the valley of the chiana and joined the tiber near orvieto; and there was a great lake, the north end of which was at incisa and the south at the lake of chiusi. the distance from pisa to the mouth in the time of strabo was only 2-1/2 m. the serchio (anc. _auser_), which joined the arno at pisa in ancient times, now flows into the sea independently. the arno is navigable for barges as far as florence; but it is liable to sudden floods, and brings down with it large quantities of earth and stones, so that it requires careful regulation. the most remarkable inundations were those of 1537 and 1740; in the former year the water rose to 8 ft. in the streets of florence. the valley between incisa and arezzo contains accumulations of fossil bones of the deer, elephant, rhinoceros, mastodon, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, &c. arnobius (called _afer_, and sometimes \"the elder\"), early christian writer, was a teacher of rhetoric at sicca venerea in proconsular africa during the reign of diocletian. his conversion to christianity is said by jerome to have been occasioned by a dream; and the same writer adds that the bishop to whom arnobius applied distrusted his professions, and asked some proof of them, and that the treatise _adversus gentes_ was composed for this purpose. but this story seems rather improbable; for arnobius speaks contemptuously of dreams, and besides, his work bears no traces of having been written in a short time, or of having been revised by a christian bishop. from internal evidence (bk. iv. 36) the time of composition may be fixed at about a.d. 303. nothing further is known of the life of arnobius. he is said to have been the author of a work on rhetoric, which, however, has not been preserved. his great treatise, in seven books, _adversus gentes_ (or _nationes_), on account of which he takes rank as a christian apologist, appears to have been occasioned by a desire to answer the complaint then brought against the christians, that the prevalent calamities and disasters were due to their impiety and had come upon men since the establishment of their religion. in the first book arnobius carefully discusses this complaint; he shows that the allegation of greater calamities having come upon men since the christian era is false; and that, even if it were true, it could by no means be attributed to the christians. he skilfully contends that christians who worship the self-existent god cannot justly be called less religious than those who worship subordinate deities, and concludes by vindicating the godhead of christ. in the second book arnobius digresses into a long discussion on the soul, which he does not think is of divine origin, and which he scarcely believes to be immortal. he even says that a belief in the soul's immortality would tend to remove moral restraint, and have a prejudicial effect on human life. in the concluding chapters he answers the objections drawn from the recent origin of christianity. books iii., iv. and v. contain a violent attack on the heathen mythology, in which he narrates with powerful sarcasm the scandalous chronicles of the gods, and contrasts with their grossness and immorality the pure and holy worship of the christian. these books are valuable as a repertory of mythological stories. books vi. and vii. ably handle the questions of sacrifices and worship of images. the confusion of the final chapter points to some interruption. the work of arnobius appears to have been written when he was a recent convert, for he does not possess a very extensive knowledge of scripture. he knows nothing of the old testament, and only the life of christ in the new, while he does not quote directly from the gospels. he is also at fault in regard to the jewish sects. he was much influenced by lucretius and had read plato. his statements concerning greek and roman mythology are based respectively on the _protrepticus_ of clement of alexandria, and on antistius labeo, who belonged to the preceding generation and attempted to restore neoplatonism. there are some pleasing passages in arnobius, but on the whole he is a tumid and a tedious author. editions.--migne, _patr. lat._ iv. 349; a. reifferscheich in the _vienna corpus script. eccles. lat._ (1875). translations.--a.h. bryce and h. campbell in _ante-nicene fathers_, vi. literature.--h.c.g. moule in _dict. chr. biog._ i.; herzog-hauck, _realencyklopadie_; and g. kruger, _early chr. lit._ p. 304 (where full bibliographies are given). arnobius (\"the younger\"), christian priest or bishop in gaul, flourished about 460. he is the author of a mystical and allegorical commentary on the psalms, first published by erasmus in 1522, and by him attributed to the elder arnobius. it has been frequently reprinted, and in the edition of de la barre, 1580, is accompanied by some notes on the gospels by the same author. to him has sometimes been ascribed the anonymous treatise, _arnobii catholici et serapionis conflictus de deo trino et uno ... de gratiae liberi arbitrii concordia_, which was probably written by a follower of augustine. the opinions of arnobius, as appears from the commentary, are semi-pelagian.",
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