ARCHIDAMUS

archidamus, the name of five kings of sparta, of the eurypontid house. 1. the son and successor of anaxidamus. his reign, which began soon after the close of the second messenian war, is said to have been quiet and uneventful (pausanias iii. 7. 6). 2. the son of zeuxidamus, reigned 476-427 b.c. (but see leotychides). he succeeded his grandfather leotychides upon the banishment of the latter, his father having already died. his coolness and presence of mind are said to have saved the spartan state from destruction on the occasion of the great earthquake of 464 (diodorus xi. 63; plutarch, _cimon_, 16), but this story must be regarded as at least doubtful. he was a friend of pericles and a man of prudence and moderation. during the negotiations which preceded the peloponnesian war he did his best to prevent, or at least to postpone, the inevitable struggle, but was overruled by the war party. he invaded attica at the head of the peloponnesian forces in the summers of 431, 430 and 428, and in 429 conducted operations against plataea. he died probably in 427, certainly before the summer of 426, when we find his son agis on the throne. herod, vi. 71; thuc. i. 79-iii. 1; plut. _pericles_, 29. 33; diodorus xi. 48-xii. 52. 3. the son and successor of agesilaus ii., reigned 360-338 b.c. during his father's later years he proved himself a brave and capable officer. in 371 he led the relief force which was sent to aid the survivors of the battle of leuctra. four years later he captured caryae, ravaged the territory of the parrhasii and defeated the arcadians, argives and messenians in the "tearless battle," so called because the victory did not cost the spartans a single life. in 364, however, he sustained a severe reverse in attempting to relieve a besieged spartan garrison at cromnus in south-western arcadia. he showed great heroism in the defence of sparta against epaminondas immediately before the battle of mantineia (362). he supported the phocians during the sacred war (355-346), moved, no doubt, largely by the hatred of thebes which he had inherited from his father; he also led the spartan forces in the conflicts with the thebans and their allies which arose out of the spartan attempt to break up the city of megalopolis. finally he was sent with a mercenary army to italy to protect the tarentines against the attacks of lucanians or messapians; he fell together with the greater part of his force at mandonion[1] on the same day as that on which the battle of chaeronea was fought. xen. _hell._ v. 4, vi. 4, vii. 1. 4, 5; plut. _agis_, 3, _camillus_, 19, _agesilaus._ 25, 33, 34, 40; pausanias iii. 10, vi. 4; diodorus xv. 54, 72, xvi. 24, 39, 59, 62, 88. 4. the son of eudamidas i., grandson of archidamus iii. the dates of his accession and death are unknown. in 294 b.c. he was defeated at mantineia by demetrius poliorcetes, who invaded laconia, gained a second victory close to sparta, and was on the point of taking the city itself when he was called away by the news of the successes of lysimachus and ptolemy in asia minor and cyprus. plut. _agis_, 3, _demetrius_, 35; pausanias, i. 13. 6, vii. 8. 5; niese, _gesch. der griech. u. makedon. slaalen_, i. 363. 5. the son of eudamidas ii., grandson of archidamus iv., brother of agis iv. on his brother's murder he fled to messenia (241 b.c.). in 227 he was recalled by cleomenes iii., who was then reigning without a colleague, but shortly after his return he was assassinated. polybius accuses cleomenes of the murder, but plutarch is probably right in saying that it was the work of those who had caused the death of agis, and feared his brother's vengeance. plutarch, _cleomenes_, i. 5; polybius v. 37, viii. i; niese, _op. cit._ ii. 304, 311. (m. n. t.) footnote: [1] so plut. _agis_, 3 (all mss.). following cellarius, some authorities read manduria or mandyrium. archil (a corruption of "orchil," ital. _oricello_, the origin of which is unknown), a purple dye obtained from various species of lichens. archil can be extracted from many species of the genera _roccella_, _lecanora_, _umbilicaria_, _parmelia_ and others, but in practice two species of _roccella_--_r. tinctoria_ and _r. fuciformis_--are almost exclusively used. these, under the name of "orchella weed" or "dyer's moss," are obtained from angola, on the west coast of africa, where the most valuable kinds are gathered; from cape verde islands; from lima, on the west coast of south america; and from the malabar coast of india. the colouring properties of the lichens do not exist in them ready formed, but are developed by the treatment to which they are subjected. a small proportion of a colourless, crystalline principle, termed orcinol (a dioxytoluene), is found in some, and in all a series of acid substances, erythric, lecanoric acids, &c. orcinol in presence of oxygen and ammonia takes up nitrogen and becomes changed into a purple substance, orceine (c7h7no3), which is essentially the basis of all lichen dyes. two other colouring-matters, azoerythin and erythroleinic acid, are sometimes present. archil is prepared for the dyer's use in the form of a "liquor" (archil) and a "paste" (persis), and the latter, when dried and finely powdered, forms the "cudbear" of commerce, a dye formerly manufactured in scotland from a native lichen, _lecanora tartarea_. the manufacturing process consists in washing the weeds, which are then ground up with water to a thick paste. if archil paste is to be made this paste is mixed with a strong ammoniacal solution, and agitated in an iron cylinder heated by steam to about 140 deg. f. till the desired shade is developed--a process which occupies several days. in the preparation of archil liquor the principles which yield the dye are separated from the ligneous tissue of the lichens, agitated with a hot ammoniacal solution, and exposed to the action of air. when potassium or sodium carbonate is added, a blue dye known as litmus, much used as an "indicator," is produced. french purple or lime lake is a lichen dye prepared by a modification of the archil process, and is a more brilliant and durable colour than the other. the dyeing of worsted and home-spun cloth with lichen dyes was formerly a very common domestic employment in scotland; and to this day, in some of the outer islands, worsted continues to be dyed with "crottle," the name given to the lichens employed.