ARBITRATION

arbitration, international, hague cases section.) in 1906-1907 there was throughout the state a remarkable anti-japanese agitation, centring in san francisco (q.v.) and affecting international relations and national politics. governors of california (state)[6] i. spanish gasper de portola served 1767-1770 filipe de barri " 1771-1774 felipe de neve " 1774-1782 pedro pages " 1782-1791 jose antonio romeu " 1791-1792 *jose joaquin de arillaga " 1792-1794 diego de borica " 1794-1800 *jose joaquin de arillaga " 1800-1804 jose joaquin de arillaga " 1804-1814 *jose diario arguello " 1814-1815 pablo vicente de sola " 1815-1822 ii. mexican pablo vicente de sola served 1822 *luis antonio arguello " 1822-1825 jose maria echeandia " 1825-1831 manuel victoria " 1831 jose maria echeandia[7] " 1831-1832 pio pico[8] " 1832 jose figueroa " 1832-1835 *jose castro " 1835-1836 *nicolas gutierrez " 1836 mariano chico " 1836 nicolas gutierrez " 1836 juan bautista alvarado[9] " 1836-1842 carlos antonio carrillo[10] " 1837-1838 manuel micheltorena " 1842-1845 pio pico " 1845-1846 iii american (a) _military_ john d. sloat appointed 1846 richard f. stockton " 1846-1847 stephen w. kearny " 1847 r.b. mason " 1847-1849 bennett riley " 1849 (b) _state_. peter h. burnett 1849-1851 democrat *john h. mcdougall 1851-1852 " john bigler 1852-1856 " john m. johnson 1856-1858 know nothing john b. weller 1858-1860 lecompton democrat milton s. latham 1869 (6 days) " " *john g. downey 1860-1862 " " leland stanford 1862-1863 republican frederick f. low 1863-1867 " henry h. haight 1867-1871 democrat newton booth 1871-1875 republican *romualdo pacheco 1875 " william irwin 1875-1880 democrat george g. perkins 1880-1883 republican george c. stoneman 1883-1887 democrat washington bartlett 1887 " *robert w. waterman 1887-1891 republican henry h. markham 1891-1895 " james h. budd 1895-1899 democrat henry t. gage 1899-1903 republican george c. pardee 1903-1907 " james n. gillett 1907-1911 " hiram w. johnson 1911- " the mark * before the name of one of the spanish governors indicates that he acted only _ad interim_, and, in the case of governors since 1849, that the officer named was elected as lieutenant-governor and succeeded to the office of governor. bibliography.--for list of works on california, see university of california _library bulletin_, no. 9, 1887, "list of printed maps of california"; catalogue of state official publications by state library (sacramento, 1894). the following may be cited here on different aspects:-- topography.--j. muir, _mountains of california_ (new york, 1894); h. gannett, "dictionary of elevations" (1898), and "river profiles," publications of _united states geological survey_; g.w. james, _the wonders of the colorado desert_ (2 vols., boston, 1906). climate, &c.--_u.s. department of agriculture, california climate and crop service_, monthly reports; e.s. holden, _recorded, earthquakes in california, lower california, oregon, and washington territory_ (california state university, 1887); _united states department agriculture, weather bureau, bulletins,_ alexander g. mcadie, "climatology of california" (washington, 1903). there is a great mass of general descriptive literature, especially on southern california, such as charles dudley warner, _our italy_ (new york, 1891); kate sanborn, _a truthful woman in southern california_ (new york, 1893); w. lindley and j.p. widney, _california of the south_ (new york, 1896); j.w. hanson, _american italy_ (chicago, 1896); t.s. van dyke, _southern california_ (new york, 1886), &c. fauna, flora.--muir, _op. cit._; _united states geological survey, 19th annual report_, pt. v., h. gannett, "forests of the united states"; idem, _20th annual report,_ pt. v., "united states forest reserves"; _united states division of forestry, bulletin_ no. 28, "a short account of the big trees of california" (1900), no. 38, "the redwood" (a volume, 1903), also _professional papers, e.g._ no. 8, j.b. leiberg, "forest conditions in the northern sierra nevada" (1902); _california board of forestry, reports_ (1885- ); _united states censuses,_ reports on forests; _united states biological survey, north american fauna,_ no. 16, 1899, c.h. merriam, "biological survey of mt. shasta"; _united states department agriculture, contributions from united states national herbarium,_ iv., 1893, f.v. coville, "botany of death valley expedition"; _state board of fish commissioners, reports,_ from 1877; _united states fish commissioners, annual reports,_ from 1871, and _bulletins_ from 1882; j. le conte, "flora of the coast islands" (1887), being _bulletin_ no. 8 of california academy of sciences; consult also its _proceedings_, _memoirs_, and _occasional papers;_ g.j. peirce, _studies on the coast redwood_ (publication of leland stanford jr. university, 1901). agriculture.--_california agricultural experiment station, bulletins_ from 1884; _reports of the state dairy bureau_, from 1898; _state board of horticulture, reports,_ 1889-1894; _united states censuses,_ 1890 and 1900, reports on irrigation. industries.--j.s. hittell, _resources of california_ (7th ed., san francisco, 1879); j.s. hittell, _commerce and industries of the pacific coast_ (san francisco, 1882); t.f. cronise, _natural wealth of california_ (san francisco, 1868); e.w. maslin, _resources of california,_ prepared by order of governor h.h. markham (sacramento, 1893); _united states treasury, bureau of statistics,_ report by t.j. vivian on "commercial, industrial, agricultural, transportation and other industries of california" (washington 1890, valuable for whole period before 1890); _united states censuses,_ 1890 and 1900, reports on agriculture, manufactures, mines and fisheries; _california state board of trade_ (san francisco), _annual report_ from 1890. on mineral industries:--j.r. browne, report on "mineral resources of the states and territories west of the rocky mountains" (_united states treasury,_ 2 vols., washington, 1867-1868); _united states geological survey, annual reports, mineral resources;_ consult also the bibliographies of publications of the _survey_, issued as _bulletins; california state mining bureau, bulletins_ from 1888, note especially no. 30, 1904, by a.w. vodges, "bibliography relating to the geology, palaeontology and mineral resources of california" (2nd ed., the 1st being _bulletin_ no. 10, 1896); _california debris commission_, _reports_ (in _annual reports chief of engineers, united states army,_ from 1893). government.--e.f. treadwell, _the constitution of the state of california ... annotated_ (san francisco, 1902); _johns hopkins university, studies in history and political science,_ xiii., r.d. hunt, "genesis of california's first constitution"; _annals of the american academy of political and social science,_ xii., r.d. hunt, "legal status of california, 1846-1849"; reports of the various officers, departments and administrative boards of the state government (sacramento), and also the _appendix to the journals of the senate and assembly,_ which contains, especially in the earlier decades of the state's history, many of these state official reports along with valuable legislative reports of varied character. history.--accounts of the valuable archives in bancroft, and by z.e. eldridge in _california genealogical society_ (1901); elaborate bibliographies in bancroft with analyses and appreciations of many works. of general scope and fundamental importance is the work of two men, hubert h. bancroft and theodore h. hittell. the former has published a _history of california, 1542-1890_ (7 vols., san francisco, 1884-1890), also _california pastoral, 1769-1848_ (san francisco, 1888), _california inter-pocula, 1848-1856_ (san francisco, 1888), and _popular tribunals_ (2 vols., san francisco, 1887). these volumes were largely written under mr. bancroft's direction and control by an office staff, and are of very unequal value; they are a vast storehouse of detailed material which is of great usefulness, although their judgments of men are often inadequate and prejudiced. as regards events the histories are of substantial accuracy and adequacy. written by one hand and more uniform in treatment and good judgment, is t.h. hittell's _history of california_ (4 vols., san francisco, 1885-1897). the older historian of the state was francisco palou, a franciscan, the friend and biographer of serra; his "noticias de la nueva california" (mexico, 1857, in the _doc. hist. mex.,_ ser. iv., tom, vi.-viii.; also san francisco, 1874, 4 vols.) is no longer of importance save for its historical interest. of the contemporary material on the period of mexican domination the best is afforded by r.h. dana's _two years before the mast_ (new york, 1840, many later and foreign editions); also a. robinson, _life in california_ (new york, 1846); and alexander forbes, _california: a history of upper and lower california from their first discovery to the present time_ (london, 1839); see also f.w. blackmar, "spanish institutions of the southwest" (_johns hopkins university studies,_ 1891). a beautiful, vivid and reputedly very accurate picture of the old society is given in helen hunt jackson's novel, _ramona_ (new york, 1884). there is no really scientific separate account of mission history; there are books by father z. engelhart, _the franciscans in california_ (harbor springs, michigan, 1899), written entirely from a franciscan standpoint; c.f. carter, _missions of nueva california_ (san francisco, 1900); bryan j. clinch, _california and its missions: their history to the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo_ (2 vols., san francisco, 1904); francisco palou, _relacion historica de la vida ... del fray junipero serra_ (mexico, 1787), the standard contemporary source; the _craftsman_ (syracuse, n.y., vol. v.), a series of articles on "mission buildings," by g.w. james. on the case of the pious fund of the missions see j.f. doyle, _history of the pious fund_ (san francisco, 1887); _united states department of state,_ "united states _v._ mexico. report of j.h. ralston, agent of the united states and of counsel in the matter of the pious fund of the californias" (washington, 1902). on the "flush" mining years the best books of the time are j.q. thornton's _oregon and california_ (2 vols., new york, 1849); edward bryant's _what i saw in california_ (new york, 1848); w. shaw's _golden dreams_ (london, 1851); bayard taylor's _eldorado_ (2 vols., new york, 1850); w. colton's _three years in california_ (new york, 1850); e.g. buffum's _six months in the gold mines; from a journal of three years' residence in upper and lower california_ (london, 1850); j.t. brooks' _four months among the gold finders_ (london, 1849); g.g. foster, _gold regions of california_ (new york, 1884). on this same period consult bancroft's _popular tribunals_; d.y. thomas, "a history of military government in newly acquired territory of the united states," in vol. xx. no. 2 (new york, 1904) of _columbia university studies in history, economics, and public law_; c.h. shinn's _mining camps: a study in american frontier government_ (new york, 1885); j. royce, _california ... a study of american character, 1846-1856_ (boston, 1886); and, for varied pictures of mining and frontier life, the novels and sketches and poems of bret harte. see also p.h. burnet, _recollections and opinions of an old pioneer_ (new york, 1880); s.j. field, _personal reminiscences of early days in california_ (privately published, copyright 1893). footnotes: [1] in december 1904 salton sea was dry; in february 1906 it was occupied by a lake 60 m. long. [2] during the interval from 1850 to 1872 the yearly rainfall at san francisco ranged from 11.37 to 49.27 in.; from 1850 to 1904 the average was 22.74, and the probable annual variation 4 in. [3] the means for los angeles and red bluff, of redding and fresno, of san diego and sacramento, of san francisco or monterey and independence, are respectively about the same; and all of them lie between 56° and 63° f. the places mentioned are scattered over 31⁄2° of longitude and 61⁄2° of latitude. [4] small masses of water made to fall great distances and the use of turbines are important features of such plants. one on the north yuba river at colgate, where there is a 700 ft. fall, serves oakland, san jose and san francisco, at high pressure yielding in san francisco (220 m. away) 75% of its power. other plants are one at electra (154 m. from san francisco), and one on the san joaquin, which delivers to fresno 62 m. distant. [5] the 1905 census of manufactures deals only with establishments under the factory system; its figures for 1905 and the figures for 1900 reduced to the same limits are as follows:--total value of products, 1905, $367,218,494; 1900, $257,385,521, an increase of 42.7%; leading industries, with value of product in millions of dollars--canning and preserving, first in 1905 with 23.8 millions, third in 1900 with 13.4 millions; slaughtering and meat-packing, second in 1905 with 21.79 millions, first in 1900 with 15.71 millions; flour and grist mill products, third in 1905 with 20.2 millions, fourth in 1900 with 13.04 millions; lumber and timber, fourth in 1905 with 18.27 millions, second in 1900 with 13.71 millions; printing and publishing, fifth in 1905 with 17.4 millions, sixth in 1900 with 9.6 millions; foundry and machine shop products, sixdth in 1905 with 15.7 millions, fifth in 1900 with 12.04 millions; planing mill products, seventh in 1905 with 13.9 millions, twelfth in 1900 with 4.8 millions; bread and other bakery products, eighth in 1905 with 10.6 millions, eleventh in 1900 with 4.87 millions. [6] as months and even years often elapsed between the date when early governors were appointed and the beginning of their actual service, the date of commission is disregarded, and the date of service given. sometimes this is to be regarded as beginning at monterey, sometimes elsewhere in california, sometimes at loreto in lower california. all the spanish and mexican governors were appointed by the national government, except in the case of the semi-revolutionary rulers of 1831-1832 and 1836 (alvarado), whose title rested on revolution, or on local choice under a national statute regarding gubernatorial vacancies. [7] acting political chief, revolutionary title. [8] briefly recognized in south. [9] revolutionary title, 1836-1838. [10] appointed 1837, never recognized in the north.