ANTISTROPHE

antistrophe, the portion of an ode which is sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east, in response to the strophe, which was sung from east to west. it is of the nature of a reply, and balances the effect of the strophe. thus, in gray's ode called "the progress of poesy," the strophe, which dwelt in triumphant accents on the beauty, power and ecstasy of verse, is answered by the antistrophe, in a depressed and melancholy key-- "man's feeble race what ills await, labour, and penury, the racks of pain, disease and sorrow's weeping train, and death, sad refuge from the storms of fate," &c. when the sections of the chorus have ended their responses, they unite and close in the epode, thus exemplifying the triple form in which the ancient sacred hymns of greece were composed, from the days of stesichorus onwards. as milton says, "strophe, antistrophe and epode were a kind of stanza framed only for the music then used with the chorus that sang." antithesis (the greek for "setting opposite"), in rhetoric, the bringing out of a contrast in the meaning by an obvious contrast in the expression, as in the following:--"when there is need of silence, you speak, and when there is need of speech, you are dumb; when present, you wish to be absent, and when absent, you desire to be present; in peace you are for war, and in war you long for peace; in council you descant on bravery, and in the battle you tremble." antithesis is sometimes double or alternate, as in the appeal of augustus:--"listen, young men, to an old man to whom old men were glad to listen when he was young." the force of the antithesis is increased if the words on which the beat of the contrast falls are alliterative, or otherwise similar in sound, as--"the fairest but the falsest of her sex." there is nothing that gives to expression greater point and vivacity than a judicious employment of this figure; but, on the other hand, there is nothing more tedious and trivial than a pseudo-antithetical style. among english writers who have made the most abundant use of antithesis are pope, young, johnson, and gibbon; and especially lyly in his _euphues_. it is, however, a much more common feature in french than in english; while in german, with some striking exceptions, it is conspicuous by its absence. antitype (gr. [greek: antitupos]), the correlative of "type," to which it corresponds as the stamp to the die, or vice versa. in the sense of copy or likeness the word occurs in the greek new testament (heb. ix. 24; 1 peter iii. 21), english "figure." by theological writers antitype is employed to denote the reality of which a type is the prophetic symbol. thus, christ is the antitype of many of the types of the jewish ritual. by the fathers of the greek church (e.g. gregory nazianzen) antitype is employed as a designation of the bread and wine in the sacrament of the lord's supper. antium (mod. _anzio_), an ancient volscian city on the coast of latium, about 33 m. s. of rome. the legends as to its foundation, and the accounts of its early relations with rome, are untrustworthy; but livy's account of wars between antium and rome, early in the 4th century b.c., may perhaps be accepted. antium is named with ardea, laurentum and circeii, as under roman protection, in the treaty with carthage in 348 b.c. in 341 it lost its independence after a rising with the rest of latium against rome, and the beaks (_rostra_) of the six captured antiatine ships decorated and gave their name to the orators' tribunal in the roman forum. at the end of the republican period it became a resort of wealthy romans, and the julian and claudian emperors frequently visited it; both caligula and nero were born there. the latter founded a colony of veterans and built a new harbour, the projecting moles of which are still extant. in the middle ages it was deserted in favour of nettuno: at the end of the 17th century innocent xii. and clement xi. restored the harbour, not on the old site but to the east of it, with the opening to the east, a mistake which leads to its being frequently silted up; it has a depth of about 15 ft. remains of roman villas are conspicuous all along the shore, both to the east and to the north-west of the town. that of nero cannot be certainly identified, but is generally placed at the so-called arco muto, where remains of a theatre (discovered in 1712 and covered up again) also exist. many works of art have been found. of the famous temple of fortune (horace, _od_. i. 35) no remains are known. the sea is encroaching slightly at anzio, but some miles farther north-west the old roman coast-line now lies slightly inland (see tiber). the volscian city stood on higher ground and somewhat away from the shore, though it extended down to it. it was defended by a deep ditch, which can still be traced, and by walls, a portion of which, on the eastern side, constructed of rectangular blocks of tufa, was brought to light in 1897. the modern place is a summer resort and has several villas, among them the villa borghese. see a. nibby, _dintorni di roma_, i. 181; _notizie degli scavi, passim_. (t. as.) antivari (montenegrin _bar_, so called by the venetians from its position opposite bari in italy), a seaport of montenegro which until 1878 belonged to turkey. pop. (1900) about 2500. the old town is built inland, on a strip of country running between the adriatic sea and the sutorman range of mountains, overshadowed by the peak of rumiya (5148 ft.). at a few hundred yards' distance it is invisible, hidden among dense olive groves. within, there is a ruinous walled village, and the shell of an old venetian fortress, surrounded by mosques and bazaars; for antivari is rather turkish than montenegrin. the fine bay of antivari, with prstan, its port, is distant about one hour's drive through barren and forbidding country, shut in by mountains. at the northern horn of the bay stands spizza, an austrian military station. antivari contains the residence of its roman catholic archbishop, and, in the centre of the shore, topolitsa, the square undecorated palace of the crown prince. antivari is the name applied both to prstan and the old town. the austrian lloyd steamers call at times, and the "puglia" s.s. company runs a regular service of steamers to and from bari. as an outlet for montenegrin commerce, however, antivari cannot compete with the austrian cattaro, the harbour being somewhat difficult of access in stormy weather. fishing and olive-oil refining are the main industries.