ANTI-SEMITISM

anti-semitism, and need not here be repeated. it was not till 1899 that the unfortunate prisoner was brought back to france for retrial by court-martial, and even then, so strong was the anti-semitic and military prejudice, he was again found guilty "with extenuating circumstances" at rennes (september 9), though ten days later he was "pardoned" by president loubet. it was not till the cour de cassation ordered a further investigation, and on the 12th of july 1906 decided that his conviction had been based on a forgery and that dreyfus was innocent, that the agitation came to a final conclusion. he was then restored to his rank in the army and promoted major. but the anti-semitic and anti-dreyfusard spirit in certain french circles could not easily be quelled even then; and on the occasion of the translation of the remains of emile zola (dreyfus's determined champion) to the pantheon on the 4th of june 1908, major dreyfus was shot at and wounded by a fanatical journalist named gregori, who was subsequently acquitted by a paris jury of the charge of attempted murder, his own plea being that he had merely intended a "demonstration." see dreyfus's own _five years of my life_ (1901), and literature cited under anti-semitism.